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biology exam > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mitosis

A

process which cell divides into 2 daughter cells which are identical to parent cell

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2
Q

meiosis

A

fundamental basis of sexual reproduction

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3
Q

prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses, chromosomes become visible
  • nuclear envelope begins to dissolve
  • spindle fibres begin to form
  • centrioles move to opposite sides of cell
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4
Q

metaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope has dissolved completely
  • chromosomes move to centre of the cell (equator)
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5
Q

anaphase

A
  • centromeres of sister chromatids split
  • spindle fibres guide chromosomes to opposite poles of cell
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6
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosome reach opposite poles of cell
  • chromosomes start to unravel
  • nuclear envelope reforms around each daughter nucleus
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7
Q

cytokinesis

A

involves equal division of cytoplasm and organelles among the daughter cells
IN ANIMALS: cleavage furrow (pinching) formed around 2 new daughter cells
IN PLANTS: cell plate forms, separates two new cells

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8
Q

interphase

A
  • cells aren’t dividing
  • spend 90% of time
  • cells are considered “resting”
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9
Q

meiosis 1

A

cell division of sex cells

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10
Q

prophase 1

A
  • homologs pair
  • crossing over occurs
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle forms
  • nuclear envelope starts to dissolve
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11
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes align along equator of cell

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12
Q

anaphase 1

A
  • homologs separate and move to opposite poles, called segregation
  • sister chromatids remain attached at centromeres
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13
Q

telophase 1

A
  • nuclear envelopes reassemble
  • spindle disappears
  • cytokinesis divides cell into two
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14
Q

prophase 2

A
  • nuclear envelope dissolves
  • spindles form
  • centrioles move to opposite poles in animal cells
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15
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes align along equator of cell

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16
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

17
Q

telophase 2

A
  • nuclear envelope assembles
  • chromosomes de-condense
  • spindle disappears
  • cytokinesis divides cell into two
18
Q

what is the difference between normal cell division and cancerous cell division

A

NORMAL CELLS: grow, divide, and die
- receive signals
CANCEROUS CELLS: don’t die, multiply out of control
- do not receive signals and continue to divide

19
Q

where does mitosis and meiosis take place

A

mitosis: in somatic cells, all over body
meiosis: in testes and ovaries

20
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • occurs in testes
  • two divisions produce 4 spermatids
  • spermatids mature into sperm
  • begins at puberty for males
21
Q

oogenesis

A
  • occurs in ovaries
  • two divisions produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg
  • polar bodies die bc of uneven division of cytoplasm
  • immature egg called oocyte
  • begins at puberty, one oocyte matures into an ovum every 28 days
22
Q

abnormal meiosis

A

types of errors that can occur to chromosomes
- changes in chromosome structure + number
these mutations affect the structure of a chromosome:
1. deletion
2. duplication
3. inversion
4. translocation

23
Q

non-disjunction

A

chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
- occurs in anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis
TWO WAYS IT OCCURS:
monosomy: condition where single chromosome is in place of a homologous pair
trisomy: 3 homologous chromosomes are in place of a homologous pair

24
Q

disorders

A

trisomy 21: down syndrome
trisomy 18: edward syndrome
trisomy 13: patau

gender:
XXY: klinefelter
XYY: jacobs
XXX: triple X
XO: turner

25
Q

what is a karyotype chart

A
  • a persons particular set of chromosomes
  • homologous chromosomes are arranged in order of size (largest to smallest)
  • pairs matched up based on:
    > size
    > centromere position
    > banding order
26
Q

ultrasound

A
  • used to locate position of a fetus within uterus
  • uses energy from sound waves bouncing off fetus to make visual image
27
Q

multiple marker screen (MMS)

A
  • involves blood test and ultrasound
  • performed at 15-20 weeks of pregnancy
  • checks mothers blood for alphafetoprotein (APP) which may indicate neural tube defects
  • tests for trisomy 21 and 18
28
Q

amniocentesis

A
  • performed at 15 weeks of pregnancy to birth
  • needle inserted into uterus, extracts 10 mL of amniotic fluid
  • 1% chance of miscarriage
  • tests for trisomy 21,18,13, and sex chromosome differences
29
Q

chronic villi sampling (CVS)

A
  • sample of chronic villi removed from placenta for testing
  • performed during 11th and 14th week of pregnancy
  • 1% chance of miscarriage
  • tests for same disorders as amniocentesis

biology exam (11 decks)

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