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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tropisms

A

Directional response to a stimulus

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2
Q

Nasty

A

Non directional responses to a stimulus

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3
Q

A taxic response

A

Movement of an organism towards/away from a stimulus

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4
Q

Kinesis

A

Non directional responses to a stimulus

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5
Q

Benefits of positive geotropism

A

Roots grow deep for fertile soil & growth

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6
Q

When photo receptors detect light

A

Auxin is released in meristems. Sunlight causes auxin to move away, causes cell elongation. Cells grow towards the light.

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7
Q

Benefit for shoots positive phototropism

A

-grows towards the light so better photosynthesis
- avoid shading if other plants
- more exposure to pollinators

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8
Q

How does auxin work

A

Auxin works by gathering in te lower half of the stem. In roots auxin will shorten the cells in the underside, causing the root to bend downwards.

In stems auxin lengthens the cells on the underside. Bending the shoot to point upwards

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9
Q

Photoperiodism

A

A plants response to change in day length. If plant has lots of Pr- it understands it’s night/winter

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10
Q

The most reliable cue used for animals

A

Photoperiod- length of daylight (identifying the time of year, as it reflects the seasons)

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11
Q

A plants directional response to a stimulus

A

Tropism

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12
Q

A plants non directional response to a stimulus

A

Nasty

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13
Q

Animal directional response to stimulus

A

Taxis

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14
Q

Animal non directional response to a stimulus

A

Kinesis

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15
Q

Gravity

A

Geo

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16
Q

Light

A

Photo

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17
Q

Chemical

A

Chemo

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18
Q

Touch

A

Thigmo

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19
Q

How does auxin affect roots

A

Slows growth, cells shorten and root bends downwards

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20
Q

How does auxin affect shoots

A

Speeds up shoot growth, Cells lengthen, shoot bends up wards

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21
Q

Current

A

Rheo

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22
Q

Meristems

A

Growth tissue present at the tips = apical, at stem branches =latteral

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23
Q

What causes migration

A

Maturation and breeding, environmental cues, predators, food supply

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24
Q

Advantages of migration

A
  • favourable temp so less e used
  • grow larger/stronger so better defense
  • successful reproduction so genetic variation and survival increases
  • constant food supply
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25
Q

Disadvantages migration

A

-may get lost
- predators
- uses up e (huge energy investment)

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26
Q

Navigation methods

A
  • path intergration,
    Smell,
    Trail following
    Mental maps
    Piloting
    Communication
    Magnetic fields
    Ocean and river currents
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27
Q

Intraspecific relationship

A

Interactions between individuals of same species. These can be cooperative or aggressive

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28
Q

What’s intraspecific competition

A
  • have same needs and niches and there for me have competition for resources
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29
Q

Teritory

A

Defined area defended from individuals of same species

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30
Q

Defending area costs energy and time so benefits are:

A

Safe space to court, breed, grow
Raise young. Food shelter water (good to reproduce)

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31
Q

Strategies to reduce competition

A

Social hierarchies
Home range terotories

32
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

Increasing welfare of others, whilst putting themselves in danger

33
Q

Kin selection

A

Showing altruisms to only family

34
Q

Advances of hierarchy

A

Adaptive advantages for group, e.g. list, time and energy spent fighting, more energy and time for hunting feeding and breeding.

35
Q

Parental care

A

Animals, very in the extent, they care for the young. 2 strats one r and K

36
Q

r

A

Large numbers of offspring produced, little care is provided

37
Q

K

A

Lots of care, few offspring produced Young have behaviour patterns that serve to reduce aggressive behaviour.

38
Q

Advantages of biological clock

A

Anticipate environmental changes to maximise feeding time, avoid predators and competition

39
Q

Biological clock

A

A natural internal timing system which occurs without any external cues and controls the organisms activity

40
Q

Endogenous

A

Frequency not the exact same as environmental factors. Deviates from natural rhythm

41
Q

Exogenous

A

Controlled by environmental cues

42
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Regular, predictable patterns of activity or behaviour in living organisms

43
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological rhythm with a period of 24 hrs

44
Q

Circalunar

A

Influenced by moon phases, 29.5 days

45
Q

Circannual rhythms

A

Influenced by changing seasons, 365 days

46
Q

Biological rhythms help organisms regulate

A

Essential processes like reproduction, metabolism, and behaviour

47
Q

Biological rhythm

A

A cycle of events that is controlled endogenously (internally)

48
Q

Endogenous rhythms

A

Don’t match exactly with external environments

49
Q

Zeitgebers

A

Environmental cues that prompt us

50
Q

Entrainment

A

The constant adjustment of the endogenous mechanism which means the animals are kept in exact synchronisation with the environment

51
Q

Phytochrome

A

A protein that regulates the time in which a plant flowers. There are two types, the red light absorbing form (Pr) and the far red light absorbing form (Pfr). During daylight hours Pr is converted to pfr. At night the absence of red light causes the pfr to slowly convert back to pr

52
Q

Interspecific relationships

A

Interaction between different species in a biological community

53
Q

Interspecific relationships

A

Interaction between different species in a biological community

54
Q

Interspecific relationships

A

I

55
Q

Gauses principle of competetige exclusion

A

When two or more species occupy the same ecological niche, each species moves into slightly different measures or one species prevails, and the other is excluded becoming extinct in that habitat

56
Q

Exploitation

A

An overarching term that describes the relationship where one species benefits positively, and one is harmed negatively

57
Q

Avoid predation

A

Behavioural responses, camouflage, chemical, and structural defences, mimicry Batesian and mullerian

58
Q

Parasites

A

Ectoparasites
Endoparasites

59
Q

Social parasites

A

Reproductive parasites
Slave parasites

60
Q

Mutualism

A

Benefits both

61
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits one is unharmed

62
Q

Amesnsalism

A

One is unharmed the other is harmed

63
Q

Parasitic relationship

A

Parasites, benefits, and exploits a host who is harmed

64
Q

Territorialism

A

Defending and maintaining a specific area for resources mates and rearing offspring

65
Q

Courtship

A

Behaviours that lead to successful breed in and reproduction in animals

66
Q

Intraspecific relationships

A

Interactions between individuals of the same species

67
Q

Linear hierarchy

A

hierarchy that occurs in a social group when the individuals are ranked from highest to lowest or from ‘alpha’ to ‘omega’

68
Q

Advantages hierarchy

A
  • more reproduction opportunity
    -safer from predators/ better defence
  • more food and better hunting
69
Q

Disadvantages hierarchy

A

Weaker members become extinct from population
- more Intraspecific competition for resources as group grows
-increased risk of spreading disease

70
Q

How to remove zeitgeber

A

Place organism in constant / 24 hr darkness. With no zeitgeber / entrainment, the rhythm becomes free- running and shows weta’s natural endogenous rhythm

71
Q

Phase shifting

A

Entrainment involves a process called phase shifting, in which the start of the rhythm / activity is advanced or retarded.
Phase shifting can be accomplished using an appropriate environmental cue. Often this cue is light (or absence of light).

72
Q

Phase shifting

A

Entrainment involves a process called phase shifting, in which the start of the rhythm / activity is advanced or retarded.
Phase shifting can be accomplished using an appropriate environmental cue. Often this cue is light (or absence of light).

73
Q

Phase shifting

A

Entrainment involves a process called phase shifting, in which the start of the rhythm / activity is advanced or retarded.
Phase shifting can be accomplished using an appropriate environmental cue. Often this cue is light (or absence of light).

74
Q

Mimicry

A

Adaptive resemblance between unrelated species

75
Q

Free running

A

Behaviour rhythm that occurrs independently of external changes

Biology (7 decks)

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