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Mocks Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Where species with similar niches develop similar adaptations over time, despite having different ancestors. This is due to exposure to similar selection pressures

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2
Q

Analogous organs

A

Organs have the same basic structure and function but have evolved independently from different ancestral organs in unrelated species

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3
Q

Ecological equivalents

A

When species with different origins, develop similar adaptation because they occupy similar niches and different geographic areas

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4
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Occurs when two or more related groups develop different adaptations over time because they occupy diff niches

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5
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

 When one common ancestor develops into different species

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6
Q

Homologous organs

A

Diff function same structure

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7
Q

Parrallel evolution

A

Similar features evolve in species with a common ancestor- due to similar selection pressures

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8
Q

Co- evolution

A

The reciprocal evolutionary affect to species can have on each other when they interact. Each species provides a natural selective influence and they evolve together.

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9
Q

What is speciation

A

The process in which new species are formed

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10
Q

Why does speciation occur

A

When gene flow is prevented and reproductive isolating mechanisms are built up in the diff populations

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11
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

short periods of rapid chance and long periods of slow change. Usually occurs when new niches become available as a result of migration.

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random chance that changes gene frequency

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13
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of a new species from a common ancestor

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14
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

A result of geographical isolation

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15
Q

Pattern of evolution

A

Different species living in a similar environment start to look similar

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16
Q

Deme

A

A localised population

17
Q

Ecological isolation

A

Organisms don’t interbreed because of niche differences

18
Q

Polyploidy

A

When somatic cells have more than 2n sets of homologous chromosomes, results from mutation and cause instant speciation

19
Q

Post zygotic isolation

A

Factors that prevent a hybrid persisting as a new species.

20
Q

Pre zygotic isolation

A

Factors that prevent hybrid from being conceived

21
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Due to isolating mechanisms other than geography- happens in the same place

22
Q

Cline

A

A gradual variation in the characteristics of a species or population over a geographical range

23
Q

Reproductive isolating mechanism

A

A barrier that prevents two organisms from differing species from mating and producing fertile offspring

24
Q

Species

A

A group of related individuals that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

25
Q

Evolution

A

The accumulation of changes over time that ensure organisms are well adapted to their environment

26
Q

Gene flow

A

Refers to alleles passed between populations by migration

27
Q

Gene pool

A

Total set of genes in population

28
Q

Directional selection

A

Selects against one of the extremes

29
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selects against the middle and favours the two extremes- leading to speciation

30
Q

Stabilising selection

A

Selects against the two extremes and favours the middle

31
Q

Instantaneous speciation

A

Type of speciation that occurs by polyploidy- resulting in a new species being formed in one generation

32
Q

Factors that cause pre zygotic isolation

A

Geographical isolation, temporal, ethnological (behaviour), ecological, structural differences and gamete incompatibility

33
Q

Discuss a likely polyploid process

A

.
• Chromosome pairs are not pulled apart correctly giving diploid / multiploid gametes which may lead to a new polypl

34
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Evidence for evolution- homologous (related) analogous (unrelated)

35
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

Produced a hybrid, set a sterile and unable to produce offspring

36
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Reduces a hybrid capacity to mature into a healthy fit, adult, don’t survive the embryonic stages

37
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

Reproductive failure that appears after the F2 generation, preventing the second gen from producing fertile offspring

Biology (7 decks)

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