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plants Flashcards

1
Q

plantae classification (6)

A

thallophytes
bryophytes
tracheophytes
angiosperms
monocots
dicots

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2
Q

thallophytes

A

simplest form of a plant with no specialized vascular system
aquatic

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3
Q

bryophytes

A

aquatic and land habitats
dominant gametophyte stage - haploid 1n

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4
Q

examples of byrophytes

A

mosses
liverworts
hornworts

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5
Q

tracheophytes

A

grow vertically and tall
dominant sporophyte stage - diploid 2n

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6
Q

tracheophytes examples

A

ferns
pine trees

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7
Q

ferns

A

seedless flagellates with independent sporophyte and gametophyte stages

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8
Q

are pine trees seedless

A

NO
seed-bearing

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9
Q

angiosperms

A

undergo double fertilization
most diverse land-based plant
non-flagellated male gametes
produce flowers
have pollen
bear their seeds in fruits

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10
Q

monocots

A

one cotyledon
parallel veins
scattered vascular bundles
fibrous root system
flower parts in multiples of 3

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11
Q

examples of monocots

A

lilies and kentucky bluegrass

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12
Q

dicots

A

two cotyledons
net-like veins
ringed vascular bundles
large single tap root
flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

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13
Q

example of dicot

A

oak tree

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14
Q

how to classify plants

A
  1. plant body - thallophyte or no
  2. vascular system - bryophytes or tracheophytes
  3. seed formation - seedless or seed-bearing tracheophytes
    &raquo_space; seedless - pterophytes or lycophytes
    &raquo_space; seed-bearing
  4. flowers - gymnosperms or angiosperms
    &raquo_space; angiosperms - monocots or dicots
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15
Q

pterophytes examples

A

horsetail
fern

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16
Q

lycophytes examples

A

club and spike moss

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17
Q

cotyledon

A

tissue involved in nutrient storage during the embryonic stage of a plant

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18
Q

angiosperm lifecyle

A
  1. meiosis in ovary (female)
  2. mitotic divisions produce female gametophyte
  3. meiosis within anther
  4. mitotic divisions produce male gametophyte
  5. microspore develops into pollen grain
  6. pollen tube elongates through the style
  7. double fertilization occurs
  8. zygote develops into embryo
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19
Q
  1. meiosis in ovary (female)
A

megasporocyte, the megaspore mother cells (2n) are converted into 4 megaspore (n) in meiosis

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20
Q
  1. mitotic divisions produce female gametophyte
A

one megaspore (n) survives and undergoes mitosis once fertilized to produce the egg cell and polar nuclei
- 2 synergid cells help flank the cell and help attract/guide pollen tube to the female gametophyte
- antipodal cells: unknown function

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21
Q
  1. meiosis within anther
A

microsporocytes (2n)&raquo_space; 4 microspores (n) via meiosis

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22
Q
  1. mitotic divisions produce male gametophyte
A

microspore undergoes mitosis producing male gametophyte (n)

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23
Q
  1. microspore develops into pollen grain
A

male gametophyte (n) contains generative cell (forms into 2 sperm) and tube cell (forms into pollen tube)

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24
Q
  1. pollen tube elongates through the style
A

upon reaching the ovule, 2 sperm are discharged

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25
Q
  1. double fertilization occurs
A

1 male gamete (n) fuses with the female egg gamete (n) to form an embryo/zygote (2n) and another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm (3n)

26
Q

plant tissues (3)

A

dermal
ground
vascular

27
Q

dermal tissue

A

epidermal cells covering outside of plant parts - secrete waxy protective substance (cuticle) in aerial (above ground) portions of plant
contain guard cells to help control gas exchange

28
Q

ground tissue

A

responsible for most of the metabolic functions

29
Q

vascular tissue - 3 types

A

xylem
xylem cell
phloem

30
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and minerals through plant
provide mechanical support

31
Q

xylem cells (2)

A
  1. tracheids
  2. vessel elements
32
Q

tracheids

A

long and tapered, water passes laterally from 1 to another through pits

33
Q

vessel elements

A

short and wide
have little to no taper at ends
perforations allow for H2O to pass from one vessel element to another

34
Q

phloem

A

transports sugar throughout plant
made up of cells called sieve-tube members

35
Q

angiosperm seed structure (3 things)

A

seed coat
storage material
embryo

36
Q

angiosperm seed coat

A

tough outer covering of seed that protects embryo/seed content

37
Q

angiosperm storage material

A

endosperm - primary storage tissue
cotyledons - transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

38
Q

angiosperm embryo

A

angiosperm seeds are equivalent to fertilized animal eggs
diploid
developed from fertilized egg

39
Q

types of tropism (3)

A

phototropism
gravitropism
thigmotropism

40
Q

phototropism

A

bending of a plant in response to light

41
Q

gravitropism

A

bending of a plant in response to gravity

42
Q

thigmotropism

A

growth response to mechanical stimuli

43
Q

plant hormones (5)

A

auxin
gibberellins
cytokinins
abscisic acid
ethylene gas

44
Q

auxin

A

influences response to light + gravity to stimulate growth/elongation

45
Q

gibberellins

A

promote flower + stem elongation

46
Q

cytokinins

A

stimulate cytokinesis (cell division)

47
Q

abscisic acid

A

inhibits growth and promotes seed dormancy

48
Q

ethylene gas

A

promotes fruit ripening, flower production, leaf abscission

49
Q

leaf structures (6)

A

epidermis
palisade mesophyll
vascular bundles
guard cells
spongy mesophyll
stomata

50
Q

epidermis

A

protective layer covered with cuticle to reduce transpiration (water loss through evaporation)

51
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

has cells with chloroplasts and is the primary site for leaf photosynthesis

52
Q

vascular bundles

A

consist of xylem and phloem - surrounded by bundle sheath

53
Q

guard cells

A

specialized epidermal cells to control opening of stomata and permit gas exchange

54
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

intracellular spaces allow for gas travel

55
Q

stomata

A
  • microscopic pore in epidermic that allows for gas exchange between plant and external environment
56
Q

stomata when OPEN

A

CO2 can enter the lead where photosynthesis can then occur to make sugar
- risk of desiccation from transpiration&raquo_space; regulation is important

57
Q

stomata when CLOSED

A

CO2 cannot enter the leaf and the LIGHT reaction of photosynthesis cannot take place
- NO risk of transpiration

58
Q

types of growth

A

primary - increases length of plant
secondary - increases girth of plant

59
Q

photoperiodism

A

plant’s response to changes in length of day and night (photoperiod)

60
Q

short-day plants

A

flower when sunlight is less than half the day

61
Q

long-day plants

A

flower when sunlight is more than half the day

T DAT (9 decks)

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