plants

Question 1

plantae classification (6)

Answer 1

thallophytes
bryophytes
tracheophytes
angiosperms
monocots
dicots

Question 2

thallophytes

Answer 2

simplest form of a plant with no specialized vascular system
aquatic

Question 3

bryophytes

Answer 3

aquatic and land habitats
dominant gametophyte stage - haploid 1n

Question 4

examples of byrophytes

Answer 4

mosses
liverworts
hornworts

Question 5

tracheophytes

Answer 5

grow vertically and tall
dominant sporophyte stage - diploid 2n

Question 6

tracheophytes examples

Answer 6

ferns
pine trees

Question 7

ferns

Answer 7

seedless flagellates with independent sporophyte and gametophyte stages

Question 8

are pine trees seedless

Answer 8

NO
seed-bearing

Question 9

angiosperms

Answer 9

undergo double fertilization
most diverse land-based plant
non-flagellated male gametes
produce flowers
have pollen
bear their seeds in fruits

Question 10

monocots

Answer 10

one cotyledon
parallel veins
scattered vascular bundles
fibrous root system
flower parts in multiples of 3

Question 11

examples of monocots

Answer 11

lilies and kentucky bluegrass

Question 12

dicots

Answer 12

two cotyledons
net-like veins
ringed vascular bundles
large single tap root
flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Question 13

example of dicot

Answer 13

oak tree

Question 14

how to classify plants

Answer 14

1. plant body - thallophyte or no
2. vascular system - bryophytes or tracheophytes
3. seed formation - seedless or seed-bearing tracheophytes
   &raquo_space; seedless - pterophytes or lycophytes
   &raquo_space; seed-bearing
4. flowers - gymnosperms or angiosperms
   &raquo_space; angiosperms - monocots or dicots

Question 15

pterophytes examples

Answer 15

horsetail
fern

Question 16

lycophytes examples

Answer 16

club and spike moss

Question 17

cotyledon

Answer 17

tissue involved in nutrient storage during the embryonic stage of a plant

Question 18

angiosperm lifecyle

Answer 18

1. meiosis in ovary (female)
2. mitotic divisions produce female gametophyte
3. meiosis within anther
4. mitotic divisions produce male gametophyte
5. microspore develops into pollen grain
6. pollen tube elongates through the style
7. double fertilization occurs
8. zygote develops into embryo

Question 19

1. meiosis in ovary (female)

Answer 19

megasporocyte, the megaspore mother cells (2n) are converted into 4 megaspore (n) in meiosis

Question 20

2. mitotic divisions produce female gametophyte

Answer 20

one megaspore (n) survives and undergoes mitosis once fertilized to produce the egg cell and polar nuclei
- 2 synergid cells help flank the cell and help attract/guide pollen tube to the female gametophyte
- antipodal cells: unknown function

Question 21

3. meiosis within anther

Answer 21

microsporocytes (2n)&raquo_space; 4 microspores (n) via meiosis

Question 22

3. mitotic divisions produce male gametophyte

Answer 22

microspore undergoes mitosis producing male gametophyte (n)

Question 23

5. microspore develops into pollen grain

Answer 23

male gametophyte (n) contains generative cell (forms into 2 sperm) and tube cell (forms into pollen tube)

Question 24

6. pollen tube elongates through the style

Answer 24

upon reaching the ovule, 2 sperm are discharged

Question 25

7. double fertilization occurs

Answer 25

1 male gamete (n) fuses with the female egg gamete (n) to form an embryo/zygote (2n) and another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm (3n)

Question 26

plant tissues (3)

Answer 26

dermal ground vascular

Question 27

dermal tissue

Answer 27

epidermal cells covering outside of plant parts - secrete waxy protective substance (cuticle) in aerial (above ground) portions of plant contain guard cells to help control gas exchange

Question 28

ground tissue

Answer 28

responsible for most of the metabolic functions

Question 29

vascular tissue - 3 types

Answer 29

xylem xylem cell phloem

Question 30

xylem

Answer 30

conducts water and minerals through plant provide mechanical support

Question 31

xylem cells (2)

Answer 31

1. tracheids 2. vessel elements

Question 32

tracheids

Answer 32

long and tapered, water passes laterally from 1 to another through pits

Question 33

vessel elements

Answer 33

short and wide have little to no taper at ends perforations allow for H2O to pass from one vessel element to another

Question 34

phloem

Answer 34

transports sugar throughout plant made up of cells called sieve-tube members

Question 35

angiosperm seed structure (3 things)

Answer 35

seed coat storage material embryo

Question 36

angiosperm seed coat

Answer 36

tough outer covering of seed that protects embryo/seed content

Question 37

angiosperm storage material

Answer 37

endosperm - primary storage tissue cotyledons - transfers nutrients from endosperm to embryo

Question 38

angiosperm embryo

Answer 38

angiosperm seeds are equivalent to fertilized animal eggs diploid developed from fertilized egg

Question 39

types of tropism (3)

Answer 39

phototropism gravitropism thigmotropism

Question 40

phototropism

Answer 40

bending of a plant in response to light

Question 41

gravitropism

Answer 41

bending of a plant in response to gravity

Question 42

thigmotropism

Answer 42

growth response to mechanical stimuli

Question 43

plant hormones (5)

Answer 43

auxin gibberellins cytokinins abscisic acid ethylene gas

Question 44

auxin

Answer 44

influences response to light + gravity to stimulate growth/elongation

Question 45

gibberellins

Answer 45

promote flower + stem elongation

Question 46

cytokinins

Answer 46

stimulate cytokinesis (cell division)

Question 47

abscisic acid

Answer 47

inhibits growth and promotes seed dormancy

Question 48

ethylene gas

Answer 48

promotes fruit ripening, flower production, leaf abscission

Question 49

leaf structures (6)

Answer 49

epidermis palisade mesophyll vascular bundles guard cells spongy mesophyll stomata

Question 50

epidermis

Answer 50

protective layer covered with cuticle to reduce transpiration (water loss through evaporation)

Question 51

palisade mesophyll

Answer 51

has cells with chloroplasts and is the primary site for leaf photosynthesis

Question 52

vascular bundles

Answer 52

consist of xylem and phloem - surrounded by bundle sheath

Question 53

guard cells

Answer 53

specialized epidermal cells to control opening of stomata and permit gas exchange

Question 54

spongy mesophyll

Answer 54

intracellular spaces allow for gas travel

Question 55

stomata

Answer 55

- microscopic pore in epidermic that allows for gas exchange between plant and external environment

Question 56

stomata when OPEN

Answer 56

CO2 can enter the lead where photosynthesis can then occur to make sugar - risk of desiccation from transpiration >> regulation is important

Question 57

stomata when CLOSED

Answer 57

CO2 cannot enter the leaf and the LIGHT reaction of photosynthesis cannot take place - NO risk of transpiration

Question 58

types of growth

Answer 58

primary - increases length of plant secondary - increases girth of plant

Question 59

photoperiodism

Answer 59

plant's response to changes in length of day and night (photoperiod)

Question 60

short-day plants

Answer 60

flower when sunlight is less than half the day

Question 61

long-day plants

Answer 61

flower when sunlight is more than half the day