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T DAT > biomolecules and macromolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules and macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

atoms

A

single unit made up of neutrons, protons, electrons

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2
Q

molecule

A

groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions

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3
Q

macromolecules

A

large molecules (polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers)

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4
Q

ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons from 1 atom to another atom of very different electronegativity

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5
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities

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6
Q

covalent nonpolar

A

equal electron sharing

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7
Q

covalent polar

A

unequal electron sharing, forms dipole

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8
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (FON)

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9
Q

dehydration reaction

A

links polymers to form polymers forming H2O in the process

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10
Q

hydrolysis

A

uses water to break polymers into monomers

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11
Q

protein: monomer

A

amino acid

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12
Q

protein: polymer

A

peptide

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13
Q

protein: linkage type

A

peptide bonds

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14
Q

protein function

A

structure
transport
defense
storage
enzymes

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15
Q

protein structure always contains what 4 things

A

carboxyl group
amino group
R group
carbon

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16
Q

primary protein structure

A

linear chain sequence of amino acids

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17
Q

secondary protein structure

A

local folding of chain into a-helices and b-sheets via H bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

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18
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

3D shape due to noncovalent interactions between R groups

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19
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

3D protein shape consisting of 2+ separate peptide chains

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20
Q

carbohydrate: monomer

A

monosaccharide

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21
Q

carbohydrate: polymer

A

poysaccharide

22
Q

carbohydrate: linkage type

A

glycosidic

23
Q

carbohydrate function

A

store energy

24
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecule

25
Q

disaccharides

A

2 joined sugar molecules

26
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

27
Q

lactose

A

glucose + galactose

28
Q

maltose

A

glucose + glucose

29
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymer of sugar molecules
includes:
-starch (a-glucose)
-glycogen (a-glucose)
-cellulose (B-glucose)
-chitin (B-glucose)

30
Q

lipid: monomer

A

hydrocarbon

31
Q

lipid: polymer

A

hydrocarbon chain

32
Q

lipid: linkage type

A

covalent carbon-carbon

33
Q

lipid function

A

insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, cell structure

34
Q

triglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

35
Q

saturated triglycerides

A

single bonds
straight chain

36
Q

unsaturated triglycerides

A

double bonds
branched chain

37
Q

phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids + phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone
amphipathic with polar head & nonpolar tail
form phospholipid membrane bilayer

38
Q

steroids

A

3 6-membered rings + 1 5-membered ring
hormones, cholesterol

39
Q

poryphyrins

A

4 joined pyrrole rings with metal center atom
example: chlorophyll, hemoglobin

40
Q

nucleic acid: monomer

A

nucleotide

41
Q

nucleic acid: polymer

A

nucleic acid
DNA, RNA

42
Q

nucleic acid: linkage type

A

phosphodiester bond

43
Q

nucleic acid function

A

encode, express, store genetic info

44
Q

nucleotide structure (both DNA + RNA)

A

nitrogenous base + 5-C sugar + phosphate group
DNA: -H attached to 2’ carbon of the sugar
RNA: -OH attached to 2’ carbon of the sugar

45
Q

Nitrogenous base: DNA

A

bases = A,T,C,G
contains deoxyribose sugar + 2 complimentary antiparallel (5’ to 3’) strands of double helix

46
Q

A + T

A

bond via 2 H bonds

47
Q

C + G

A

bond via 3 H bonds

48
Q

greater number of GC base pairs

A

increase H bonds
increase temperature to split strands

49
Q

nitrogenous base: RNA

A

bases = A,U,C,G
ribose sugar
single stranded

50
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A/T + G/C are always present in equal amounts
i.e. 20% of T also has 20% of A

T DAT (9 decks)

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