biomolecules and macromolecules

Question 1

atoms

Answer 1

single unit made up of neutrons, protons, electrons

Question 2

molecule

Answer 2

groups of 2+ atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions

Question 3

macromolecules

Answer 3

large molecules (polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers)

Question 4

ionic bonds

Answer 4

transfer of electrons from 1 atom to another atom of very different electronegativity

Question 5

covalent bonds

Answer 5

sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities

Question 6

covalent nonpolar

Answer 6

equal electron sharing

Question 7

covalent polar

Answer 7

unequal electron sharing, forms dipole

Question 8

hydrogen bonds

Answer 8

weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (FON)

Question 9

dehydration reaction

Answer 9

links polymers to form polymers forming H2O in the process

Question 10

hydrolysis

Answer 10

uses water to break polymers into monomers

Question 11

protein: monomer

Answer 11

amino acid

Question 12

protein: polymer

Answer 12

peptide

Question 13

protein: linkage type

Answer 13

peptide bonds

Question 14

protein function

Answer 14

structure
transport
defense
storage
enzymes

Question 15

protein structure always contains what 4 things

Answer 15

carboxyl group
amino group
R group
carbon

Question 16

primary protein structure

Answer 16

linear chain sequence of amino acids

Question 17

secondary protein structure

Answer 17

local folding of chain into a-helices and b-sheets via H bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

Question 18

tertiary protein structure

Answer 18

3D shape due to noncovalent interactions between R groups

Question 19

quaternary protein structure

Answer 19

3D protein shape consisting of 2+ separate peptide chains

Question 20

carbohydrate: monomer

Answer 20

monosaccharide

Question 21

carbohydrate: polymer

Answer 21

poysaccharide

Question 22

carbohydrate: linkage type

Answer 22

glycosidic

Question 23

carbohydrate function

Answer 23

store energy

Question 24

monosaccharides

Answer 24

single sugar molecule

Question 25

disaccharides

Answer 25

2 joined sugar molecules

Question 26

sucrose

Answer 26

glucose + fructose

Question 27

lactose

Answer 27

glucose + galactose

Question 28

maltose

Answer 28

glucose + glucose

Question 29

polysaccharides

Answer 29

polymer of sugar molecules
includes:
-starch (a-glucose)
-glycogen (a-glucose)
-cellulose (B-glucose)
-chitin (B-glucose)

Question 30

lipid: monomer

Answer 30

hydrocarbon

Question 31

lipid: polymer

Answer 31

hydrocarbon chain

Question 32

lipid: linkage type

Answer 32

covalent carbon-carbon

Question 33

lipid function

Answer 33

insulation, energy storage, endocrine signaling, cell structure

Question 34

triglycerides

Answer 34

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 35

saturated triglycerides

Answer 35

single bonds
straight chain

Question 36

unsaturated triglycerides

Answer 36

double bonds
branched chain

Question 37

phospholipid

Answer 37

2 fatty acids + phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone
amphipathic with polar head & nonpolar tail
form phospholipid membrane bilayer

Question 38

steroids

Answer 38

3 6-membered rings + 1 5-membered ring
hormones, cholesterol

Question 39

poryphyrins

Answer 39

4 joined pyrrole rings with metal center atom
example: chlorophyll, hemoglobin

Question 40

nucleic acid: monomer

Answer 40

nucleotide

Question 41

nucleic acid: polymer

Answer 41

nucleic acid
DNA, RNA

Question 42

nucleic acid: linkage type

Answer 42

phosphodiester bond

Question 43

nucleic acid function

Answer 43

encode, express, store genetic info

Question 44

nucleotide structure (both DNA + RNA)

Answer 44

nitrogenous base + 5-C sugar + phosphate group
DNA: -H attached to 2’ carbon of the sugar
RNA: -OH attached to 2’ carbon of the sugar

Question 45

Nitrogenous base: DNA

Answer 45

bases = A,T,C,G
contains deoxyribose sugar + 2 complimentary antiparallel (5’ to 3’) strands of double helix

Question 46

A + T

Answer 46

bond via 2 H bonds

Question 47

C + G

Answer 47

bond via 3 H bonds

Question 48

greater number of GC base pairs

Answer 48

increase H bonds
increase temperature to split strands

Question 49

nitrogenous base: RNA

Answer 49

bases = A,U,C,G
ribose sugar
single stranded

Question 50

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 50

A/T + G/C are always present in equal amounts
i.e. 20% of T also has 20% of A