Organelles + Transport Flashcards
nucleus
contains the cell’s DNA and coordinates cell activities such as protein synthesis and reprodution
what is the equivalent of the nucleus in prokaryotes
nucleoid
nucleolus
site of rRNA (ribosome) synthesis
cytoplasm
fluid-filled area in which the cell’s metabolic activities occurs
also includes the organelles
mitochondria
double layered
makes ATP
site of fatty acid catabolism
has its own circular DNA and ribosomes
ribosomes
made of rRNA
makes proteins
Rough ER
has ribosomes attached to the structure
functions to synthesize and store proteins
Smooth ER
functions to synthesize lipids and steroid hormones for export
golgi
modifies and packages proteins
i.e. glycosylate polypeptides
lysosomes
made by golgi
functions in apoptosis and break down of nutrients, bacteria, cell debris
peroxisomes
common in liver and kidney
function to breakdown substances
cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape and movement
what 3 things are part of cytoskeleton
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
microtubules
composed of tubulin
support cell and mobility for cell activities
includes centrioles, cilia, flagella
centrioles
development of spindle fibers for cell division
cilia
short hair like extensions from cell for movement
flagella
thread like extensions from cell for movement
intermediate filaments
maintain cell shape
microfilaments
composed of actin
used for cell motility
vacoules
vesicles inside cell that move materials and are membrane bound
ECM
function to provide mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells
what is most abundant in ECM
collagen
cell walls
found in plants
provide support
plastids
found in plants
variety of organelles serving various metabolic activities such as chloroplasts for photosynthesis
traits of prokaryotes (5)
- no nucleus
- single, circular, naked, double-stranded DNA
- ribosomes (30S + 50S = 70S)
- cell walls = peptidoglycan; archaea = polysaccharides»_space; many have sticky capsules on the cell all
- flagella constructed from flagellin (not microtubules)
phospholipid membrane permeability
allows small, uncharged, hydrophobic molecules to freely pass the membrane
anything larger, polar, charged requires a transporter
cholesterol in the cell membrane
regulates fluidity of cell membrane
increased temp = decreased fluidity
channel proteins
passage through the membrane for hydrophilic (water-soluble), polar, charged substances
ion channel
voltage-, ligand-, or mechanically-gated
porins
less specific
pass ions and polar molecules
carrier proteins
changes shape after binding to specific molecule that enables it be passed around
transport proteins
proteins that can use ATP to transport materials across the membrane
includes active transport and facilitated diffusion
passive transport (no ATP; down gradient)
includes simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, plasmolysis, facilitated diffusion, and countercurrent exchange
active transport (ATP; against gradient)
solutes like small ions, amino acids, monosaccharides
endocytosis includes what 3 things
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
phagocytosis
plasma membrane invaginates around undissolved material (solid)
pinocytosis
plasma membrane invaginates around dissolved material (liquid)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
form of pinocytosis
specific molecules called ligands bind to receptors
hypertonic
higher solute concentration
hypotonic
lower solute concentration
isotonic
equal solute concentration
anchoring junction
includes desmosomes
connects 2 cells together
tight junction
encircles each cell producing a seal that prevents the passage of materials between cells
characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract
gap junction
narrow tunnels between animal cells
allows passage of ions and small molecules
