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cell division Flashcards

1
Q

cell division

A

nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division

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2
Q

another name for nuclear division

A

karyokinesis

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3
Q

another name for cytoplasmic division

A

cytokineses

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4
Q

diploid cells have 2 copies of every chromosome forming…

A

homologous chromosomes

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5
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46
(23 homologous pairs)

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6
Q

animal cells have cellular structures called

A

centrosomes

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7
Q

each centrosome contains a pair of

A

centrioles

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8
Q

centrioles produce

A

spindle fibers that will separate sister chromatids during anaphase

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9
Q

the cell cycle is divided into

A

interphase (G1, S, G2)
mitotic phase (mitosis + cytokinesis)

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10
Q

interphase

A

begins after mitosis and cytokinesis are complete
(when cells are replicated and physically separated

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11
Q

G1

A

cell increases in size
G1 checkpoint ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis
most cell growth in volume occurs here

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12
Q

S

A

DNA synthesis
second molecule of DNA replicated from the first creating sister chromatids

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13
Q

when is DNA replicated

A

S phase
NOT mitosis

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14
Q

G2

A

rapid cell growth continues to occur
preparation of genetic material for cellular division
cell replicates organelles

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15
Q

G0

A

inactive state of cells not actively growing or dividing

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16
Q

what cells are examples of G0 (2)

A

nerve cells
cardiac cells

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17
Q

surface area to vol ratio
SMALL

A

cellular exchange is hard
leads to cell death or cell division to increase surface area

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18
Q

Genome to volume ratio
SMALL

A

as the ratio decreases the cell exceeds the ability of its genome to produce proteins needed to regulate the cell

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19
Q

spindle apparatus forms when

A

during prophase

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20
Q

what are crucial to cell division during mitotic phase

A

microtubules
mitotic spindle

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21
Q

what do anti-tumor drugs act on in cancers?

A

act as microtubule inhibitors
the drugs stabilize microtubules preventing chromosome and chromatid separation and causing cell cycle arrest (no cell division)

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22
Q

when does a virus impact the mitotic spindle

A

impacts the spindle most affects a cell during mitotic phase

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23
Q

each sister chromatid has a

A

kinetochore
where microtubules attach - not chromosomes directly

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24
Q

MITOSIS
prophase - chromosome and chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

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25
Q

MITOSIS
prophase

A

nucleus disassembles
nucleolus disappears
chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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26
Q

MITOSIS
metaphase - chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

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27
Q

MITOSIS
metaphase

A

chromosomes line up
each metaphase chromosome consists of 2 attached sister chromatids
each chromatid is complete with a centromere and attached kinetochore

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28
Q

MITOSIS
Anaphase - chromosomes + chromatids

A

92 chromosomes
92 chromatids

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29
Q

MITOSIS
Anaphase

A

microtubules shorten and each chromosome is pulled apart into 2 separate chromatids (once physically separated, each chromatid is considered a chromosome so the chromosome # has doubled)
chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
each pole has a complete set of chromosomes

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30
Q

disjunction

A

chromosomes pulled to opposite pole

31
Q

MITOSIS
telophase + cytokinesis - chromosomes + chromatids

A

92 chromosomes
92 chromatids

32
Q

MITOSIS
telophase + cytokinesis

A

nuclear envelope re-forms
chromosomes decondense back into chromatin and nucleoli reappear

33
Q

after cytokinesis how many chromosomes and chromatids in each cell

A

46 chromosomes
46 chromatids

34
Q

meiosis produces (from 1 diploid parent cell)

A

4 non-identical haploid daughter cells

35
Q

meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate

36
Q

meiosis II

A

sister chromatids separate

37
Q

Prophase I
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

38
Q

prophase I

A
  • spindles form and nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chromosomes pair up lengthwise forming tetrads which need to form for crossing over to occur
  • pairs are physically linked through chiasmata
  • microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochores and move them towards metaphase plate
39
Q

synapsis

A

chromosomes pair up lengthwise in prophase I

40
Q

where does crossover occur

41
Q

metaphase I
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

42
Q

metaphase I

A
  • homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate
  • independent assortment of chromosomes occurs because the arrangement of homologous chromosomes is random
43
Q

anaphase I
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

44
Q

anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes separate and spindle apparatus guides the chromosomes to opposite poles

45
Q

telophase I + cytokinesis
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
92 chromatids

46
Q

telophase I + cytokinesis

A
  • homologous chromosomes are separated from each other to each end of the cell
  • cytokinesis
47
Q

cytokinesis I results in how many daughter cells

A

2 haploid daughter cells
each contain 1 chromosomes from every homologous pair

48
Q

prophase II
chromosomes + chromatids

A

23 chromosomes
46 chromatids

49
Q

prophase II

A

spindle apparatus forms and microtubules move chromosomes towards metaphase plate

50
Q

metaphase II
chromosomes + chromatids

A

23 chromosomes
46 chromatids

51
Q

metaphase II

A
  • sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical due to crossing over
  • chromosomes lined up at metaphase plate
52
Q

anaphase II
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
46 chromatids

53
Q

anaphase II

A
  • chromatids separate moving towards opposite ends
  • separated chromatids are now chromosomes
54
Q

telophase II + cytokinesis
chromosomes + chromatids

A

46 chromosomes
46 chromatids

55
Q

telophase II + cytokinesis

A
  • nuclei formation and decondensing of chromosomes
  • cytokinesis
56
Q

cytokinesis II results in how many daughter cell

A

4 genetically distinct daughter cells in total

57
Q

3 sources of genetic variation

A

crossing over
independent assortment
random joining of gametes (which sperm fertilizes the egg)

58
Q

crossing over

A

non-sister chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes exchanging genetic material

59
Q

when does crossing over occur

A

prophase I

60
Q

independent assortment

A

random orientation of homologous chromosomes allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of alleles

61
Q

when does independent assortment occur

A

metaphase I

62
Q

are genes closer together more or less likely to be inherited together

A

more likely
known as genetic linkage

63
Q

genetic linkage

A

genes that are physically closer together are less likely to be separated during crossing over

64
Q

chromosome number for meiosis

A

reduced by half

65
Q

chromosome number for mitosis

A

remains the same

66
Q

daughter cells produced by meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

67
Q

daughter cells produced by mitosis

A

2 diploid cells

68
Q

genetics for meiosis

69
Q

genetics for mitosis

70
Q

rounds of cell division for meiosis

71
Q

rounds of cell division for mitosis

72
Q

division of genetic information for meiosis

A

sister chromatids separate at anaphase II
homologous chromosomes separate at anaphase I

73
Q

division of genetic information for mitosis

A

sister chromatids separate during anaphase

T DAT (9 decks)

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