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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is gross primary productivity?

A

photosynthetic CO2 fixation

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2
Q

what is net primary productivity?

A

GPP- autotrophic respiration

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3
Q

what is autotrophic respiration?

A

respiration of roots

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4
Q

how much of earths land cleared for agriculture?

A

40%

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5
Q

When did photosynthesis evolve?

A

3.5Ba

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6
Q

When was the great oxidation event?

A

2.5Ba

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7
Q

Whats unique about anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Doesn’t use water as a electron donor (uses sulphide, iron hydrogen instead

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8
Q

What is anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

bacterial photosynthesis occurring under anaerobic conditions using photosynthetic ETC (in a non-cyclic mode)

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9
Q

What are the 2 lineages of green plants?

A

chlorophytes and streptophytes

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10
Q

What did land plants evolve from?

A

Streptophytes

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11
Q

Are land plants mono or para phyletic?

A

monophyletic- from streptophytes

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12
Q

What makes up the viridaeplantae?

A

chlorophytes and streptophytes

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13
Q

what lifecycle did land plants evolve from?

A

haplodiplonic

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14
Q

what happened 407 Ma?

A

first plant ecosystems

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15
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

protect the pollen grains from external damages such as rain,high temp. Sporopollenin forms the outercovering of the exine & it is the most resistant organic material on the Earth

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16
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

composed of thin-walled cells and makes up the photosynthetic tissue in leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of many seeds.

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17
Q

What is sclerenchyma?

A

thick, lignified secondary walls, lack cell contents at maturity, and occur throughout all plant tissues adn STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

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18
Q

What is collenchyma?

A

composed by elongated living cells of uneven primary thick walls It provides support, structure, mechanical strength, and flexibility to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for easy bending without breakage.

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19
Q

What is th eepidermis?

A

outermost, protoderm-derived layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant

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20
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

form from stem tissues, generally as a result of damage or removal of the primary root system

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21
Q

How are plants highly regenerative in response to sessility?

A

silent meristems restore growth after damage |+ they can regrow virtually any organ

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22
Q

What are primordia?

A

organ, structure, or tissue in the earliest stage of development.

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23
Q

what is leaf shape determined by?

A

serration, lobes and leaflets

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24
Q

are meristems determined by clonal origin or position?

A

position- meristem. was cut and regrow to look almost identical

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of meristematic tissue?

A

root apical (RAM), shoot apical(SAM) and cambria

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26
Q

What does pleiotropic mean?

A

actions other than those for which the agent was specifically developed

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27
Q

What do shuttle proteins do?

A

transfer phosphate

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28
Q

Why can synthetic hormones stimulate a stronger response?

A

plants aren’t equipped for catabolism

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29
Q

How are plant hormones used in agriculture?

A

regeneration of explants- fruit ripening (ethylene) and plant height ( prevent plant lodging)

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30
Q

What are the 2 different types of hormone perception receptors?

A

membrane associated and soluble

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division?

A

Periclinal- increase cell layer

Anticlinal- increase number of cells per layer

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32
Q

What establishes polarity and cell elongation?

A

phosphorylation cascade

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33
Q

What is the hypophysis?

A

gives rise to some of the root cells.

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34
Q

What determines primordia positioning?

A

PIN’s sending auxin towards primordium apex

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35
Q

What does the Auxin maxima direct?

A

cell divisions e.g. emergence of lateral roots

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36
Q

What is vernalisation?

A

can only flower after a period of cold- down regulated FLC expression

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37
Q

What do giberellins influence?

A

Long and short day flowering ( needed for long day)

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38
Q

What is a universal transmissible signal molecule to promote flowering?

A

FLORIGEN

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39
Q

What are leptoids?

A

bundles of living cells known as leptoids which carry sugars and other nutrients in solution. - like phloem BUT NOT

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40
Q

How are sporangia produced?

A

by meiosis in sporangia

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41
Q

Is ferm / monilophypte sporophyte diploid or haploid?

A

diploid- produce spores by meiosis

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42
Q

What is circinate venation?

A

1 side of leaf grows faster than other, then catches up = unfurls

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43
Q

Why are Azolla watermoss grown in rice paddies?

A

to fertilise field and they have anabaeba azollae nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium living in cavities

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44
Q

What is sapromyophily a form of?

A

deceit pollination

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45
Q

What do sapromyophils secrete to attract flies?

A

volatiles- VERY similar to that of a dead carcass

46
Q

Whats is unusual about evolution of pitcher plants?

A

have evolved at least 3 times separately by convergent evolution

47
Q

Whats in the order Caryophyllales?

A

cacti, carnations and carnivorous plants

48
Q

How do ant specific pitcher plants work?

A

use rain driven torsion to flick antsof stiff nectar secreting lid into pitcher below

49
Q

WHat are 3 types of pitcher targets?

A

detritivores, feeder and nesting

50
Q

How many ATP and NADPH reuqired to fix 3 co2 in calvin-benson-bassham cycle?

A

9ATP and 6NADPH

51
Q

WHat is the name for the distinct leaf anatomy of C4 plants?

A

Kranz or wreath

52
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

a respiratory process in many higher plants by which they take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide, contrary to the general pattern of photosynthesis.

53
Q

How is CO2 fixed in CAM plants to be stored for day photosynthesis with stomata closed?

A

malic acid (decarboxylated in day)

54
Q

C4 and CAM plants are well adapted to what climate?

A

hot and relatively water limited- therefore important for future impact of climate change

55
Q

Why does cell pH drop ovenight in CAM plants?

A

co2 fixed as malic acid = pH2 can drop to 3

56
Q

What enzyme does photorespiration use?

A

rubisco oxygenase

57
Q

What letters represent the CO2 fixatin enzymes of C4 photosynthesis?

A

PPDH - PEP regenration, pyruvate, dikinase

58
Q

What is heliotropism?

A

response to the direction of the Sun

59
Q

How does the fig- fig wasp symbiosis work?

A

female enters ostiole- lays eggs and PURPOSEFULLY pollinates synconium neuter flower - eggs hatch - males mate inside, then dig tunnel out for females who have PURPOSEFULLY collected pollen to take to next

60
Q

WHat is altruism?

A

disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.

61
Q

What is allelopathy?

A

the chemical inhibition of one plant (or other organism) by another,

62
Q

Whats the difference between holoparasites and hemparasites?

A 
holoparasites DONT have chlorophyl
hemiparasites do (xylem feeders)
63
Q

What are 2 strategies of parasitic plants?

A

DRACULA and ROBIN HOOD

64
Q

What are the 3 categories on plant-plant interaction?

A

pompetitive, commensal and asymmetric

65
Q

What is mycoheterotrophy?

A

ability of plant to live on fungal carbon

66
Q

What are the advantages of endophytic holoparasites?

A

evade predation and live in constant environement

67
Q

What lifehistory is common in monocot lineages?

A

mycohetrotrophy

68
Q

What is cavitation of the Xylem?

A

air seeding

69
Q

Why is the xylem vunerable to cavitation?

A

metastable state despite high tensile strength

70
Q

What do procambrial cells differentiate into?

A

either xylem or phloem

71
Q

What is annual NPP a linear function of in drier climates?

A

precipitation

72
Q

What does SPAC stand for?

A

soil-plant-atmosphere continuum

73
Q

what are 2 equations for water potential?

A

water potential = pressure potential + solute potential

water potential = turgor pressure- osmostic potential

74
Q

What are the 2 types of root morphology?

A

taproot and branching

75
Q

What is apoplastic movement?

A

cells walls only

76
Q

What is symplastic movement?

A

cell interior and plasmodesmata

77
Q

What is transcellular movement?

A

walls + membranes

78
Q

what allow the low resistance of water movement through membranes?

A

aquaporins

79
Q

What are the 2 types of movement through the plant?

A

radial and longitudinal

80
Q

What are pit membranes?

A

primary cell wall without secondary lignification

81
Q

What was the likely original function of lignification?

A

water conduction not support

82
Q

What is the primary mechanism for longdistance transport within the plant?

A

cohesion-tension theory

83
Q

what happens to vein density and diameter with increasing leaf area?

A

density decrease and diameter increase

84
Q

What is vapour pressure deficit strongly affected by?

A

leaf boundary layer, - wind and ambient temp

85
Q

What are stomata influential in? turbulent or still air?

A

turbulent as smaller boundary ayer

86
Q

Whats an example of a biochemical resistance to rate of co2 influx and photosynthesis?

A

calvin cycle

87
Q

In general is more co2 or water fixed per unit amount of the other?

A

more co2 per unit water = good water efficiency

88
Q

Do stomatal guard cell regulate by negative or positive feedback?

A

NEGATIVE

89
Q

What is the to hunger or to thirst dilemma?

A

increasing transpiration decreases photosynthesis and vice versa

90
Q

In what period did land plants appear and establish themselves?

A

from early to late devonian

91
Q

What plant physiological changes occurred during the devonian?

A

microphylls to macrophylls and big increase in stomatal density

92
Q

How did low CO2 atm. conc. and transpiration cooling facilitate evolution of macrophyls?

A

allow cooling and increase SA so tissue doesnt reahc lethal temp.

93
Q

What is a life-history adaptation to water limited habitats?

A

deciduousness

94
Q

How do leafs and stems reduce energy input by irradition?

A

hairs and cuticular waxes

95
Q

What is the gynoecium?

A

innermost whorl of a flower;

96
Q

are angiosperm gametophytes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

97
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual; hermaphrodite.

98
Q

What does diecious mean?

A

having the male and female organs in separate and distinct individuals;

99
Q

What is the male gametophyte?

A

pollen grain

100
Q

What is the megaspore?

A

egg

101
Q

What is the microspore?

A

pollen grain

102
Q

Where does the pollen tube emerge from on a pollen grain?

A

colpi

103
Q

How many cells does the angiosperm female gametophyte (embryo sac) have at maturity?

A

7 cells

104
Q

What do the pollen nuclei do during fertilisation once moved down pollen tube?

A

generative fuses central 2 central nuclei = triploid fusion product and other fuses with haploid egg cell

105
Q

What happens to the vegetative nucleus?

A

controls frowth of pollen tube then disintegrates once penerates micropyle

106
Q

How does pollen discrimination work?

A

self recognition of pollen tube= reject

+ phenotypic selection of faster growing pollen tube

107
Q

A gradient of what directs pollen tube towards ovule?

A

water potential gradient as pollen arrives dehydrated

108
Q

How does the nuclear endosperm form?

A

repeated ‘free nuclear’ division of initial endosperm nucleus without cell walls

109
Q

How does the cellular endosperm form?

A

repeated normal mitotic divisions w/ cell wall

110
Q

What is the helobial endosperm?

A

1st divison with cell wall then 1 half= nuclear and 1 half = cellular

111
Q

What is a major difference in the prouction of food reserves in gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A 
gymnosperm = BEFORE fertilisation
angiosperm= AFTER

Biology- Diverity (7 decks)

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