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Biology- Diverity > Animalia > Flashcards

Animalia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 subclasses of mamamals?

A

Monotremes, Metatherians (inc. marsupials) and Eutherians (inc. placentals)

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2
Q

What clade do mammals belong to (starts with S)?

A

Synapsids

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3
Q

In what period was the origin of pelycosaurs and therapsids?

A

Permian

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4
Q

In what period was the radiation of Mesozoic mammals?

A

Middle/ Late Triassic

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5
Q

What are pelycosaurs also known as?

A

Sail backs

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6
Q

What are the 3 classes on mammalian synapsids?

A

pelycosaurs, therapsids, cynodont therapsids (in order of derivedness)

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7
Q

Name 3 traits what evolved in synapsids

A

Dual gait locomotion; teeth specialisation; larger temporal fenestre, diaphragm, heat regulation improved

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8
Q

Name 5 features of the earliest mammals

A

Tiny; derived skull (larger brain and inner ear); lactation adn suckling; hair; special harderian gland (insulates fur)

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9
Q

What prompted the tertiary radiation of mammals?

A

potentially extinction of the dinosaurs

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10
Q

Why is high level homeostasis important fro reproduction?

A

SA:Vol ratio too large and not enough time fro brain development to control systems in juveniles

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11
Q

What is the major advantage of lactation?

A

Reproduce at any time of year

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12
Q

What did lactation facilitate in terms of teeth?

A

differentiation of teeth types; shift to diphodonty as don’t need continuous replacement

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13
Q

What is diphodonty?

A

two successive sets of teeth, initially the “deciduous” set and consecutively the “permanent” set

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14
Q

What did milk likely first evolve for?

A

Antimicrobial and immunity

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15
Q

What are the 3 main forms of mammalian locomotion?

A

Non-cursorial, cursorial, fossorial

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16
Q

What is unique about reproduction in monotreme?

A

Eggs can grow!

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17
Q

What are 3 strange traits of platapus?

A

1- A genome with good immune system with lots of natural killer receptor proteins
2- Venom- males have venomous spurs on heels of hindlegs
3- Electrolocation

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18
Q

Whats important about marsupalia milk?

A

Changes composition over time with development

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19
Q

What trait allows marsupialia embryos to suckle during devlopment?

A

Girdle

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20
Q

What is the name of the mechanoreceptive organs on star nosed mole nose?

A

Elmers organs; innervated by infraorbital nerve

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21
Q

What is the name for the sensors in harbour seals used to track hydrodynamic fish tracks?

A

Vibrissae

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22
Q

What adaptation do moths have to bat echolocation?

A

Some moths can hear clicks of bats and Aartiid moths can produce own sound to disturb the bats radar

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23
Q

How do Aartiid moths produce their own sounds to disrupt the bats radar?

A

Using tymbal organ on the metathorax

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24
Q

What are the 2 staged=s in Cnideria lifecycle?

A

Medusa and polyp

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25
Q

What are porifera?

A

sponges

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26
Q

What are ctenophora?

A

very diverse

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27
Q

How do placazoa feed?

A

graze

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28
Q

how do cnideria feed?

A

predators- sting

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29
Q

What animals belong to anthrozoa?

A

sea anemones and coral

30
Q

What symmetry do cnideria and ctenophora have?

A

radial

31
Q

Why are bird bones so light?

A

pneumatized (air filled)

32
Q

What is vicariance?

A

an event causing peraration of populations = speciation e.g. godwana break up

33
Q

Why is bird genome small?

A

Adaptation to flight- small genome in small cells which have high SA for high metabolism for flight

34
Q

What are Neognathae

A

modern birds (99.3% all species)

35
Q

what type of sex chromosomes do birds have?

A

female = heterogamy

36
Q

When did birds likely first evolve-?

A

cretacious

37
Q

What did the existence and distribution of ratites help prove?

A

break up of godwana

38
Q

what are 5 adaptations of feathers?

A 
1- coiled barbules for water transport (sandgrouse)
2- silent flight in owls
3- structural support - woodpeckers
4- antiicing in penguins
5- sexual display
39
Q

What are the homologous devlopmental genes of hair, scales and feathers

A

FGF and Shh

40
Q

What proportion of bids undergo long distance migration?

A

25%

41
Q

What are the 3 trends of migration?

A

leapfrog, migratory divide and non-adaptive

42
Q

what is a crown group?

A

most recent common ancestor together with all of its descendents

43
Q

what is a stem group?

A

ancestor and all its descendants, excluding the living representatives of a collection of species.

44
Q

What are choane?

A

internal nostrils

45
Q

When did tetrapods first appear?

A

early-mid devonian

46
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

living amniotes, and amphibians

47
Q

What is the problem with tracking the origin of amniotes?

A

Romers gap- gap in fossil record

48
Q

Where did tetrapod characters evolve?

A

in water

49
Q

What was a likely driving selection pressure for tetrapod evolution?

A

living in high itdal area needing adaptations to move in shallow water and be semi-aquatic

50
Q

What is interesting about the neck of the Tikaalik tetrapodomorph?

A

proves neck didnt evolve to support head whilst walking BUT catch food or breath above water instead

51
Q

Whats a major transition i in the origin of tetrapods?

A

fins to limbs

52
Q

What are amniotes?

A

clade of tetrapods containing reptiles (and dinosaurs, so birds) and mammals

53
Q

What are present in haplo-diplontic plant lifecyles and not haplontic?

A

spores

54
Q

What is included in the archosauria?

A

birds and crocodiles

55
Q

what is the sister group to the archosauria?

A

turtles

56
Q

What re the 2 great clades of amniota?

A

Synapsida and diapsida

57
Q

What clade do all living forms of mammals belong to?

A

synapsida

58
Q

What is homeothermy?

A

stable body temp

59
Q

What is poikilothermy?

A

fluctuating body temp

60
Q

What are the tetrapods?

A

tetrapod clade

61
Q

What defines the amniotes?

A

possession of an amniotic egg

62
Q

What clade does lepidosauria belong to?

A

Diapsida in amniota

63
Q

What are mososaurs the sister group to?

A

snakes

64
Q

Are living squamates endothermic or ectothermic

A

ectothermic

65
Q

How has ectothermy allowed the evolution of snakes?

A

more diverse size and shape- high SA:VOL: ratio

66
Q

How much more efficient is ectotherm biomass conversion tot endotherms?

A

x10

67
Q

What are the 2 types of snake venom admission strategies?

A

strike and release OR strike and hold

68
Q

what are the paired vomeronasal organs in snakes?

A

paired auxiliary olfactory (smell) sense organ located in the soft tissue of the nasal septum, in the nasal cavity just above the roof of the mouth (the hard palate).

69
Q

How do snakes swallow very large prey?

A

CRANIAL KINESIS (ancestral character of tetrapods)

70
Q

WHats key about the energetics fo locomotion in ecto and endotherms?

A

in ectotherms-can reach similar total metabolism BUT for short bursts only

Biology- Diverity (7 decks)

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