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Biology- Diverity > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

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1
Q

Arthropoda is a phylum belonging to which superphylum?

A

Ecdysozoa

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2
Q

What phylum do Ecdysozoa encompass?

A

Arthropoda, Onychophora and Tardigrada

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3
Q

What 4 extant subphyla can arthropoda be split into?

A

Hexapoda, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata

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4
Q

Marine Crustacea provide the key trophic link between which 2 trophic levels?

A

Primary producers and higher level consumers

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5
Q

Why are chelicerates called chelicerates?

A

Due to ‘pincers’ on HEAD

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6
Q

When did arthropods first emerge?

A

Approx. 540 mya

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7
Q

Defining characters of arthropods

A

Segmentation, jointed appendages + exoskeleton

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8
Q

What is tagmosis?

A

the grouping of segments with similar functions/structures

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9
Q

Chelicerates fused head with thorax to form what?

A

Cephalothorax

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10
Q

what is name for segments of Appendages?

A

Articles

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11
Q

What is arthropod cuticle made from?

A

Chitin

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12
Q

What is sclerotization?

A

Where tanning leads to cross linking and stronger properties of arthropod cuticle exoskeleton

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13
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

periodic moulting of exoskeleton

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14
Q

What is a negative of moulting?

A

Vunerability- 80-90% arthropod mortality linked to moulting

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15
Q

What are the 5 major subgroups of chelicerata?

A

Spiders, scorpions, mites + tcks, horse she crabs, sea spider

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16
Q

Name for group with hexapods and crustacea together?

A

Pancrustacea

17
Q

Are crustacea monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

paraphyletic

18
Q

What does paraphyletic mean?

A

descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups.

19
Q

What does polyphyletic mean?

A

derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.

20
Q

What are the major classes of crustacea recognised?

A

cephalocardia, Malacostracca + maxillopoda (polyphyletic), branchiopoda, ostracoda

21
Q

What is a ramus?

A

an article branch

hence biramous and uniramous appendages

22
Q

What is characteristic of indirect crustacea development?

A

uses larval stage ( often nauplius larvae)

23
Q

What deos apterygota refer to?

A

2 separate clades of wingless insects- also ametabolous development

24
Q

What does ametabolous mean?

A

insect development in which there is no metamorphosis and immature stages appear very similar to the adults, except that they lack genitalia

25
Q

How would you describe pterygota?

A

2 pairs of wings and 4 superorders

26
Q

What are the 4 superorders of pterygota?

A

Holometabola (beetles, flies, bees, ants…),
Paraneoptera (true bugs, lice..),
Polyneoptera (grasshoppers, termites…)
Paleoptera (mayflies, dragonflies…)

27
Q

Describe Holometabolous development

A

egg-larva-pupa-adult

28
Q

Describe Hemimetabolous development

A

egg-nymph-adult

29
Q

What are the 4 types of specialised mouthpart appendages + examples

A

Lapping (honeybee), Chewing (grasshopper), siphoning (butterfly), piercing (mosquito)

30
Q

How many times are wings thought to have evolved in insects?

A

once

31
Q

How are wings thought to have evolved?

A

de novo- not specialised appendages

32
Q

Flight is a cycle of which 2 strokes?

A

Power stroke (down and forward) and recovery stroke (up and back)

33
Q

What do adult structures develop from in holometabolous metamorphosis?

A

Imaginal discs

34
Q

What is dipause?

A

a period of suspended development in an insect, other invertebrate, or mammal embryo, especially during unfavourable environmental conditions.

35
Q

Give 3 factors conrtibuting to arthropod success

A

1- adaptations for terrestrial existance
2- Co-evolution with angiosperms
3- Eusociality

Biology- Diverity (7 decks)

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