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Biological Classification > Plantae > Flashcards

Plantae Flashcards

1
Q

Algae
Location
Occur
Association
On

A

Largely aquatic [fresh, marine water ]
Moist stones , soils, wood
Fungi [ lichens ]
Animals eg on sloth bear

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2
Q

Algae’s forms

A

Unicellular
Filamentous
Colonial

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3
Q

Unicellular algae eg

Profess ed / massive body

A

Chlamydomonas = mobile unicellular algae flagella
Chlorella = non motile , space food
Acetabularia = longest unicellular plant
Kelp largest algae

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4
Q

Colonial algae
No. Of cells Called
Eg
Mukticellular filamentous algae ( also known as)

A

In a colony is fixed. Coenobium
Volvox - motile colony

Eg ulothrix = pond wood
spirogyra = pond silk

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5
Q

Co2 fixation on earth
As the producers, algae are
Algae as food
Eg

A

At least half of it carried by algae
Are of paramount [ very much] important as primary producer
About 70 species of marine algae are used as food
Eg porphyra , Laminaria , sargassum

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6
Q

Algae are divided into

A

Chlorophyta = green algae = advanced algae
Phaeophyta = brown algae
Rhodophyta = red algae =. Primitive algae

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7
Q

Chlorophyceae
Habitat
Unicellular algae

A

Green algae
Are cosmopolitan in nature
Chlamydomonas = motile unicellular algae [fagella)
Chlorella = non motile
Acetebulara = largest unicellular plant

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8
Q

Colonial green algae
Multicellular filamentous
Green algae cell wall
Stored food

A

Volvox = motile colony
Ulothrix, spirogyra
Usually have a rigid cell wall made up of inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose
Starch as stored food / oil droplets

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9
Q

Green Algae pigments
Colour
Location ( of pigments)
Similar to ( basis)
One or more______ +nt in chloroplast
Contain

A

Chlorophyll - chl a,b , beta carotene , xanthophyll yellow colour
Grass green
Localised in definite chloroplast
To higher plants [ on basis of pigments, stared food, cell wall ]
One or more pyrenoids are also present in chloroplast as storage bodies
Contain protein besides starch

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10
Q

Green algae vegetative reproduction
A sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction

A

Fragmentation
By flagellated zoospore = favourable condition
Aplanospore, hypnospore, akinetes = unfavourable condition
Isogamous, anisogamous, oogamous

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11
Q

Green algae.
Economical importance
Food
Space research
Flagella no

A

Chlorella = large amount of protein
Space research = chlorella food, o2
2-8 equal apical

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12
Q

Algae
First
Found in
Present

A

Thallophyta
Plant on earth
Aquatic habitat
Air canal

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13
Q

Thallophyta
Thallus is
Absent
_______ of plant kingdom

A

Not differentiated into leaf ‘ steam. ‘ root, flower , fruit , seed
Vascular tissue [ xylem, phloem are absent ], plant cambium, secondary plant, no wood formation
Pisces

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction
Isogamy
Anisogamy
Oogamy

A

Chlodophora, ectocorpus, spiroggra , ulothrix
Eudonira
Volvex , fucus , Chora, red algae

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15
Q

Phycocolloids
Has
Brown algae
Green algae

A

Algae cell wall
Gelatinous coating / hydrocolloids
High water holding. Capacity
Algine
Carragin
Agar agar

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16
Q

Algin fn
Used ( manufacture )

A

Brown algae = protects brown - algae against desiccation and shock
In ice cream ( as thickening agent ), soap , polish , cream , plastic

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17
Q

Class = phaeophyceae
Habitat
Are
Great variation
Range

A

Brown algae / sea weeds / kelps
Primarily in marine water, rarely in fresh water
Multicellular filamentous
In size and form
From simple branched filamentous forms [ ectocorpus] to
Profusely branched forms as kelps [ height = 100 m ]

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18
Q

Brown algae
Attached to ( by)
Has stalk like
Leaf like
Known as

A

Substratum by a hold fast
Stalk [ stipe]
PhotOsynthetic part frond or lamina
Leafy algae

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19
Q

Brown algae
Cell wall
Protoplast
Stored. Food
Flagella

A

Cellulosic wall usually covered on outside by a gelatinous coating of algin
Contains plastid , centrally located vacuole and nucleus
Laminarin or mannitol - both are complex carbohydrate
2 unequal lateral

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20
Q

Brown algae pigment

Colour

A

Chlorophyll - a, c
Beta carotene
Xanthophylls = fucoxanthin ( brown)
From olive green to various shade of brown

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21
Q

Brown algae
Vegetative reproduction
Asexual (shape)
Sexual
Gamete’s union
Gametes are

A

By fragmentation
By biflagellated zoospore that are pear shape and have two unequal laterally attached
Flagella
Isogamous, anisogamous , oogamous
Takes place in water or with in the oogoniun
Are pyriform ( pear shaped ) , have two unequal laterally attached flagella

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22
Q

Brown algae eg =

A

Ek = ectocorpus
Di di = dictyota
Sagg = sargassum
Lai = laminaria [ ← order of kelp
Funkt = fucus

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23
Q

Brown algae
Haplodiplostic
Diplontic
Used as food
Giant algae
Iodine , bromine

A

Ectocorpus & kelp
Fucus
Sargassum , laminaria
Kelp
Laminaria

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24
Q

Red algae
Habitat
Occur
No
Cell wall
May-secrete

A

Found in marine water with greater concentration found in warmer algae
Lighted region close to surface of water, at great depth in ocean where little light penetrate
No motile stage
Complex = cellulose, pectin with poly sulphate ester
And deposite calcium carbonate and appear like corals

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25
Red thalli Of red algae Pigments Similar to
Multicellular. Some have complex body organisation Chl a, d , beta carotene , R - phycoerythrin( red ), R- phycocyanin To blue green algae
26
Red algae Stored food Vegetative reproduction Asexual Sexual Accompanied by Haplo diplonatic
Floridean starch which is very similar to glycogen and amylopectin in structure Fragmentation Non motile spore , flagella absent Occur by non mobile gamete, oogamus Complex post fertilization development Polysiphonia
27
Red algae e g Used as food Agar agar Carrageen
Pg2 Porphyra = edible algae Gelidium and gracilaria = agar - agree obtains used to prepare culture medium to Grow microbes and in preparation of ice cream and jellies Polysiphonia Chondrus crispus
28
According to two kingdom classification Thallophyta Male sex organ Female sex organ Sex organ are Sexual reproduction takes place
All algae , fungi, prokaryotes were placed in it as their body is thallus Antheridia Oogania Unicellular & jacketless ( jacket = layer of sterile cells) Through zygotic meiosis , embryo is not formed
29
Thallophyta unique character Algae refer Cryptogams Phanerogams
Absence of embryo formation so also known as nonembroyophytes Aquatic , photosynthetic , thalloid body , chl a Do not produce seeds include Thallophyta , bryophytes , pteridophyte Produce seeds include gymnosperm angiosperm
30
Bryophyte Habitat First Originated Known as
Are sciophytes I e they prefer to grow in moist ( wet ), shady place in hills First land plant From aquatic plant Amphibians of plant kingdom because these plants con live in soil but are dependant on water for Fertilization
31
Bryophytes not considered as Can not Water conduction Proof that it developed from Thallophyta Absent
Successful land plants because vascular tissue are absent , need water for Fertilization Grow very tall ( cause vascular tissue absent Takes place with the help of parenchyma ( living tissue ) Air canal present Cambium → secondary growth absent → wood formation not occur, root absent
32
Main plant body of bryophyte is Produce Sex organ are Male sex organ. Female sex organ Male sex organ produce. Produce
Haploid produces gametes , hence called gametophyte Multicellular and jacketed Antheridium archegonium ( flask shape Bïflagellated antherzoids. Single egg
33
Anthropoids released in Bryophytes Fertilization Result ( doesn’t ) Produce
Water where they came in contact with archegonium By zoidogamy i.e male gamete swims in to water to reach the female gametes and fertilises it Zygote does not undergo meiosis immediately a diploid zygote is formed. A multicellular body called sporophyte
34
Sporophyte of Bryophyta is Made up of Spore mother cells
Not free living but attached to photosynthetic gametophyte and derive nourishment from it Of foot ,sets , capsule Present in capsule undergo Meloses to produce haploid spore
35
Direct germination Indirect germination Protonema Bud Best for survival
E-g liverworts & hornworts Mosses Î a multicellular filament is formed after germination of spore Lateral bud formed on proto Nema Indirect germination
36
Sexual reproduction in bryophytes Life cycle Unique character of bryophytes
Of oogamous type Haplodiplontic type Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte
37
Bryophyta divided
Hepaticopsida = liverwort Anthonerotpsida = Bryopsida or musci = mosses
38
Liverworts Shape Habitat eg Plant body is ( attach)
Like liver eg marchantia or flat eg riccia Usually grow in moist, shady habitat such as banks of streams, marshy ground, damp soil, bark of tree l deep in woods Dorsiventral thalloid and closely approved. To substrate by help of rhozoïds
39
Liverworts Rhizoids Scales The leafy members have
Unicellular and un branched Multicellular Tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like structure eg porella
40
Liverworts Asexual / vegetative Special structure are Develop in
By fragmentation of thalli By formation of specialised structures called Gemmae Gemmas are green, multi cellular, asexual buds Small receptacle called Gemma cups
41
Sporophyte of liverwort Exception Depend After meiosis Simplest sporophyte
Differentiated in foot, seta, capsule In riccia sporophyte made up of only capsule Completely on gametophyte for food water habitat Spores. Produced within the capsule Riccia
42
Elaters are and their fn Eg Unisexual Bisexual
Are hygroscopic and they help in dispersal of spore Riccia, marchantia , porella Male , female sex organ on different thallus eg marchantia -" -1-1. On same thallus eg riccia
43
Bryopsida Predominant phase 1 stage ( developed from) It is a
Of life cycle of moss is gametophyte which consist of 2 stage Is protonema stage which directly develops from spore Profonema is a creeping, green, branched, frequently filamentous stage
44
Mosses 2 nd stage ( developed from) It consist of Rhizoids Fn Unique characters of mosses
Is the leafy stage which develops from secondary protonema as a lateral bud Of upright, slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves multicellular , branched, oblique Attach bud to soil Presence of leaf like structure in gametophyte
45
Mosses vegetative reproduction During sexual reproduction sex organ ( location) After Fertilization They are more
Fragmentation and budding in secondary protonema Sex organs are produced at apex of leafy shoots Zygote develop into sporophyte Sporophyte are move developed than in liverwards
46
Mosses Sporophyte divided into Dependence Spore dispersal Help
Foot, Seta , capsule Also partially dependent in it is photosynthetic Have an elaborate mechanism of spare dispersal Peristomial teeth help _
47
Mosses example
Funaria = rope moss Polytrichum = hair cap moss Sphagnum = peat moss
48
Peat moss is a Formation, grows No of bacteria +nt in form of
A fossil fuel that is obtained from bog Takes place by the fossilization of sphagnum, which grows in acidic bog Is less in bug due to which degradation of dead cell could not take place Of fossil
49
Mosses ______ can absorb______ in very high amount Because of these proporties Great ecological importance
Sphagnum can absorb water in very high amount so it is used in form of absorbent cotton in Europe Because of their capacity to hold water as packing material for trans-shipment of living material Mosses along with lichen are the first organisms to colonise rocks
50
Mosses and lichen decompose Since mosses form Mosses known as
Rocks making the substrate suitable for growth of higher plants Dense mats on soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion Carpet moss / mat moss
51
Pteridophytes are ____ of plant kingdom Are also First terrestrial Absent
Reptiles Vascular cryptogams Plant that posses vascular tissue i.e xylem, phloem Vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent
52
Pteridophyte more adapted because they have Not completely Plant body differentiated into
Vascular tissue is +nt in pteridophyte Have roots Successful terrestrial plants because they need water for Fertilization, Root,stem,leaves
53
Pteridophyte main plant body Vascular tissue developed ,differentiated Roots Stem Rhizome
Is sporophyte Undeveloped,well differentiated Primary root remain alive for some time than replaced by adventitious root Erect or prostrate if it is in underground then it is
54
Megaphyllous pteridophyte Eg Microphyllus
Stem is smaller , leaves are large Ferns Stem is large ,leave are smaller Eg selaginella
55
Pteridophyte diploid/ haploid Homosporous Eg Heterosporous Eg
Sporophyte is diploid and they reproduce by spore formation Spores are of similar kinds Majority of pteridophyte Produce two kind of spores Eg selaginella , salvinia , Azolla marsilea
56
Pteridophyte Sporongia ⬆️formed at Sporophyll Trophophylls
Formation of spores takes place At abaxial surface of leaves Sporophyte bears sporangia that are subtended by leaf like appandeges Normal photosynthetic leaves
57
Cone Unique character of pteridophyte Spore mother cell +nt Spore form Spore germination
Or strobilli = sporophyll may form distinct compact structures Sporophyll are also photosynthetic In sporangia By meiosis Exosporic
58
Pteridophyte prothallus The spread of living pteridophyte In homosporous pteridophythes ( gametophyte type ) Male sex organ female sex organ
Spore germinates to give rise inconspicuous, small but multicellular,free living ,photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte Is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions Gametophyte is monoecious Antheridium and archegonium
59
Antherozoids are ( structure) Exception Fertilization takes place by Zygote there after produces
Spiral and multiflagellate Antherozoids of selaginella are spindle shaped and biflagellate Zoidogamy A multicellular, well differentiated sporophytes
60
In plant kingdom gametophyte Dominant phase of pteridophyte Type of sexual reproduction in ⬆️ Life cycle Sporophyte depends
Is always non vascular Sporophyte Oogamous Diplo haplontic Sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other
61
Pteridophyte Megaspore germinates to Microspore germinates to Male and female sex organ, gamete location
Female gametophyte Male gametophyte Male = outside the microsporangium Female = inside the megasporangium
62
Female gametophyte in pteridophyte Development of zygote takes place in Seed formation Important step in evolution of seed habitat
Are retained on sporophyte for variable period Within female gametophyte Not able in pteridophyte because embryo comes out Heterospory in them
63
In some Pteridophyte prothallus is Gametophyte are not prothallus
Saprophytic In heterosporus pteridophyte like selaginella and salvinia Cause it is very reduced
64
Pteridophyte divided into
Psilopsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida
65
Psilopsida Body differentiated Eg
Most primitive vascular plant Into stem (rhizome) ,scaly leaves ,rhizoids Only living genus , psilotum ( a living fossil)
66
Lycopsida or Leaves +nt Eg Use
Club moss Microphylls Sporongia,Sporophyll,strobilus/cone Lycopodium,selaginella Medicine
67
Sphenopsida What included Nodes +nt ⬆️ Cone formed Eg
Horse tail Their stem is jointed Scaly leaves on node At apical part of aerial stem Equisetum
68
Pteropsida Leaves Eg
Largest group of pteridophyte Megaphyllous I.e stem is small leave is large Pteridium,pteris, marsilea, dryopteris Adiantum , Azolla,salvinia
69
Adiantum Azolla Salvinia
Walking fern ( due to rapid vegetative reproduction,spread very fast Aquatic fern ( smallest pteridophyte and bio fertiliser Bga , anabaena ⬆️ performs n2 fixation and increases rice production in paddy fields Aquatic in nature
70
Ferns are Pteridophyte are very good Sporocarp
Very beautiful so used for ornamental purposes Soil binding plants Also used for medicinal purposes Some aquatic ferns Sporongia are formed in sporocarp Eg Azolla, marsilea

Biological Classification (5 decks)

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