Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1407-01 > Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When did people first begin to domesticate plants?

A

about 10,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What changed the phenotype of domesticated plants?

A

artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 major groups of plants?

A
  1. monocots

2. eudicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define cotyledons

A

embryonic leaves of a seed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Monocot characteristics

A
  1. one cotyledon
  2. parallel veins
  3. scattered vascular tissue
  4. floral parts are in multiples of 3
  5. fibrous root system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eudicot characteristics

A
  1. two cotyledons
  2. branched veins
  3. vascular tissue arranged in rings
  4. floral parts in multiples of 4/5
  5. taproot is present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define stele

A

vascular tissue derived from the procambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list 3 examples of plant organs

A
  1. roots
  2. stems
  3. leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the function of each of the following?

  1. terminal bud
  2. leaf
  3. flower
  4. axillary bud
  5. stem
  6. shoot system
A
  1. grows stem (height)
  2. main organ of photosynthesis
  3. reproductive organ
  4. branch production
  5. supports leaves and flowers
  6. site of photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of each of the following?

  1. root hairs
  2. root system
A
  1. increase area for absorption

2. anchors plant, absorbs nutrients, stores food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Through what source have plant organs been taken advantage of?

A

artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

enlarged roots are for

A

nutrient storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

list 4 examples of root crops.

A
  1. carrots
  2. beets
  3. turnips
  4. rutabaga
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

enlarged roots store carbohydrates in the form of..

A

starch and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define stolon

A

modified stems for asexual reproduction

aka runners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define tissue

A

a group of cells that perform a specialized function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dermal tissue system in plants consists of…

A

stomata w/ guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vascular tissue system in plants consists of

A

xylem and phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of xylem

A

convey water and dissolved minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function of phloem

A

transport sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ground tissue functions in

A

storage, photosynthesis, and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

plants 3 unique structures

A
  1. chloroplasts are site of photosynthesis
  2. central vacuole containing fluid maintains cell firmness
  3. protective cell wall composed of cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List 5 major types of plant cells

A
  1. parenchyma
  2. collenchyma
  3. sclerenchyma
  4. water-conducting cells
  5. food-conducting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define parenchymas

A

cells that perform most metabolic functions of a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define collenchyma

A

cells that provide flexible support in actively growing parts of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define sclerenchyma

A

cells with rigid secondary walls that support the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

examples of water conducting cells

A

tracheid’s and vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

examples of food-conducting cells

A

sieve-tube elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

parenchyma cell characteristics

A
  • most abundant cell type
  • perform most metabolism
  • thin primary cell wall
  • are pluripotent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

define pluripotent

A

can transform into other types of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

collenchyma cell characteristics

A
  • thick primary cell wall
  • long and flexible
  • in growing tissue
  • flexible support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

sclerenchyma cell characteristics

A
  • fiber cells
  • thick secondary cell walls
  • arranged in strands
  • mature cells often die (woody tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the two types of sclerenchyma?

A
  1. fiber

2. sclereid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the thick secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells is composed of?

A

lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

examples of xylem’s cells

A

tracheid’s and vessel elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe tracheid’s

A

long, thin with tapered ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

describe vessel elements

A
  • thick and shorter

- opening in ends of cells

38
Q

sieve-tube elements are found in

A

phloem

39
Q

sieve-tube elements transport

A

photosynthates

40
Q

sieve-tube elements are provided with nutrients by a

A

companion cell

41
Q

sieve-tube elements are NOT

A

metabolically active

42
Q

define determined growth

A

stopping growth after a certain size

43
Q

define indeterminate growth

A

continuous growing throughout the plants life

44
Q

names that categorize plants based in the length of their cell cycle

A

annuals, biennials, perennials

45
Q

types of growth in plants

A
  • primary growth

- secondary growth

46
Q

define primary growth

A

lengthens roots and shoots

47
Q

define secondary growth

A

increases diameter

48
Q

meristems are found at..

A
  • tips of roots
  • terminal buds
  • axillary buds
49
Q

in roots apical meristems are protected by a

A

hard root cap

50
Q

3 zones of growth are

A
  1. zone of cell division
  2. zone of elongation
  3. zone of differentiation
51
Q

what prevents the widening of the cell?

A

cellulose fibers

52
Q

define vascular cambium

A

cylinder of meristems that produce xylem and phloem

53
Q

what structures lie outside of the vascular cambium?

A
  • secondary phloem
  • cork cambium
  • cork

(all compose bark)

54
Q

early growth produces _____ and later growth produces _____.

A

big thin-walled cells

small thick-walled cells

55
Q

growth rings in plants are the result of?

A

secondary xylem

56
Q

what tissue allows a tree to grow and repair damage throughout its life?

A

meristem

57
Q

what are the 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs?

A
  1. sepals
  2. petals
  3. stamen
  4. carpel
58
Q

define sepals

A

enclose and protect a flower bud

59
Q

purpose of petals

A

to advertise the flower to pollinators

60
Q

stamen consists of

A
  • stalk(filament)

- anther

61
Q

purpose of anther

A

pollen production via meiosis

62
Q

carpel consists of

A
  • style
  • stigma
  • ovary
63
Q

purpose of stigma

A

sticky to catch pollen

64
Q

ovary contains

A

one or more ovules

65
Q

ovules contain

A

a developing egg and supporting cells

66
Q

male gametophyte in flowers

A

pollen

67
Q

female gametophyte in flowers

A

ovule

68
Q

define sporophyte

A

diploid plant body

69
Q

define gametophytes

A

haploid cells produced by the sporophyte

70
Q

spores in anthers give rise to male

A

gametophytes that produce sperm

71
Q

a spore in an ovule produces the

A

embryo sac

72
Q

pollination is the

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

73
Q

pollen undergoes meiosis and creates

A

4 spores

74
Q

each spore undergoes mitosis to produce

A

a tube and generative cell

75
Q

central cell of the ovule undergoes

A

meiosis

76
Q

after meiosis of the central cell

A

3 cells die and one grows and undergoes mitosis

77
Q

pollen _____ on the stigma and the ____ ____ grows down to the _____.

A

germinates

tube cell

ovary

78
Q

generative cells divides by _____ and travels down the _____ to the _____.

A

mitosis

tube

ovary

79
Q

generative cells fertilize the

A

egg cell and embryonic sac

80
Q

define endosperm

A

food storing tissue

81
Q

the ovule develops into the

A

seed

82
Q

the ovary develops into the

A

fruit

83
Q

define a fruit

A

a mature ovary that acts as a vessel. It houses/protects seeds and helps with their dispersion

84
Q

a seed is a form of “______ ____” in which the embryo lies _______.

A

escape pod

dormant

85
Q

the life cycle continues with

A

germination

86
Q

steps in germination

A

-seed germinates and takes up water and expands

-the embryo resumes growth and absorbs nutrients from the endosperm
embryonic root emerges and pushes the shoot upwards expanding its leaves

87
Q

steps of seed germination for monocots

A
  • protective sheath surrounding the shoot pushes upwards and breaks through the soil
  • the shoot tip grows up through the tunnel provided by the sheath

(corn cotyledon remains in the soil and decomposes )

88
Q

define clone

A

an asexually produced genetically identical organism

89
Q

asexual reproduction can occur by

A
  • fragmentation

- through outgrowths of root systems

90
Q

Which mode of reproduction would be more advantageous in a location where the composition of the soil is constantly changing?

A

sexual reproduction

causes genetic variation which allows future generations to survive with the changing environment

91
Q

propagating plants asexually can increase _____ but decrease ______.

A

agricultural productivity

genetic diversity

Biology 1407-01 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions