Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction Flashcards
When did people first begin to domesticate plants?
about 10,000 years ago
What changed the phenotype of domesticated plants?
artificial selection
What are the 2 major groups of plants?
- monocots
2. eudicots
Define cotyledons
embryonic leaves of a seed
Monocot characteristics
- one cotyledon
- parallel veins
- scattered vascular tissue
- floral parts are in multiples of 3
- fibrous root system
Eudicot characteristics
- two cotyledons
- branched veins
- vascular tissue arranged in rings
- floral parts in multiples of 4/5
- taproot is present
Define stele
vascular tissue derived from the procambium
list 3 examples of plant organs
- roots
- stems
- leaves
what is the function of each of the following?
- terminal bud
- leaf
- flower
- axillary bud
- stem
- shoot system
- grows stem (height)
- main organ of photosynthesis
- reproductive organ
- branch production
- supports leaves and flowers
- site of photosynthesis
what is the function of each of the following?
- root hairs
- root system
- increase area for absorption
2. anchors plant, absorbs nutrients, stores food
Through what source have plant organs been taken advantage of?
artificial selection
enlarged roots are for
nutrient storage
list 4 examples of root crops.
- carrots
- beets
- turnips
- rutabaga
enlarged roots store carbohydrates in the form of..
starch and sugar
define stolon
modified stems for asexual reproduction
aka runners
define tissue
a group of cells that perform a specialized function
dermal tissue system in plants consists of…
stomata w/ guard cells
vascular tissue system in plants consists of
xylem and phloem
function of xylem
convey water and dissolved minerals
function of phloem
transport sugars
ground tissue functions in
storage, photosynthesis, and support
plants 3 unique structures
- chloroplasts are site of photosynthesis
- central vacuole containing fluid maintains cell firmness
- protective cell wall composed of cellulose
List 5 major types of plant cells
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
- water-conducting cells
- food-conducting cells
define parenchymas
cells that perform most metabolic functions of a plant
define collenchyma
cells that provide flexible support in actively growing parts of a cell
define sclerenchyma
cells with rigid secondary walls that support the plant
examples of water conducting cells
tracheid’s and vessel elements
examples of food-conducting cells
sieve-tube elements
parenchyma cell characteristics
- most abundant cell type
- perform most metabolism
- thin primary cell wall
- are pluripotent
define pluripotent
can transform into other types of cells
collenchyma cell characteristics
- thick primary cell wall
- long and flexible
- in growing tissue
- flexible support
sclerenchyma cell characteristics
- fiber cells
- thick secondary cell walls
- arranged in strands
- mature cells often die (woody tissue)
what are the two types of sclerenchyma?
- fiber
2. sclereid
the thick secondary cell wall in sclerenchyma cells is composed of?
lignin
examples of xylem’s cells
tracheid’s and vessel elements
describe tracheid’s
long, thin with tapered ends
describe vessel elements
- thick and shorter
- opening in ends of cells
sieve-tube elements are found in
phloem
sieve-tube elements transport
photosynthates
sieve-tube elements are provided with nutrients by a
companion cell
sieve-tube elements are NOT
metabolically active
define determined growth
stopping growth after a certain size
define indeterminate growth
continuous growing throughout the plants life
names that categorize plants based in the length of their cell cycle
annuals, biennials, perennials
types of growth in plants
- primary growth
- secondary growth
define primary growth
lengthens roots and shoots
define secondary growth
increases diameter
meristems are found at..
- tips of roots
- terminal buds
- axillary buds
in roots apical meristems are protected by a
hard root cap
3 zones of growth are
- zone of cell division
- zone of elongation
- zone of differentiation
what prevents the widening of the cell?
cellulose fibers
define vascular cambium
cylinder of meristems that produce xylem and phloem
what structures lie outside of the vascular cambium?
- secondary phloem
- cork cambium
- cork
(all compose bark)
early growth produces _____ and later growth produces _____.
big thin-walled cells
small thick-walled cells
growth rings in plants are the result of?
secondary xylem
what tissue allows a tree to grow and repair damage throughout its life?
meristem
what are the 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs?
- sepals
- petals
- stamen
- carpel
define sepals
enclose and protect a flower bud
purpose of petals
to advertise the flower to pollinators
stamen consists of
- stalk(filament)
- anther
purpose of anther
pollen production via meiosis
carpel consists of
- style
- stigma
- ovary
purpose of stigma
sticky to catch pollen
ovary contains
one or more ovules
ovules contain
a developing egg and supporting cells
male gametophyte in flowers
pollen
female gametophyte in flowers
ovule
define sporophyte
diploid plant body
define gametophytes
haploid cells produced by the sporophyte
spores in anthers give rise to male
gametophytes that produce sperm
a spore in an ovule produces the
embryo sac
pollination is the
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
pollen undergoes meiosis and creates
4 spores
each spore undergoes mitosis to produce
a tube and generative cell
central cell of the ovule undergoes
meiosis
after meiosis of the central cell
3 cells die and one grows and undergoes mitosis
pollen _____ on the stigma and the ____ ____ grows down to the _____.
germinates
tube cell
ovary
generative cells divides by _____ and travels down the _____ to the _____.
mitosis
tube
ovary
generative cells fertilize the
egg cell and embryonic sac
define endosperm
food storing tissue
the ovule develops into the
seed
the ovary develops into the
fruit
define a fruit
a mature ovary that acts as a vessel. It houses/protects seeds and helps with their dispersion
a seed is a form of “______ ____” in which the embryo lies _______.
escape pod
dormant
the life cycle continues with
germination
steps in germination
-seed germinates and takes up water and expands
-the embryo resumes growth and absorbs nutrients from the endosperm
embryonic root emerges and pushes the shoot upwards expanding its leaves
steps of seed germination for monocots
- protective sheath surrounding the shoot pushes upwards and breaks through the soil
- the shoot tip grows up through the tunnel provided by the sheath
(corn cotyledon remains in the soil and decomposes )
define clone
an asexually produced genetically identical organism
asexual reproduction can occur by
- fragmentation
- through outgrowths of root systems
Which mode of reproduction would be more advantageous in a location where the composition of the soil is constantly changing?
sexual reproduction
causes genetic variation which allows future generations to survive with the changing environment
propagating plants asexually can increase _____ but decrease ______.
agricultural productivity
genetic diversity
