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Biology 1407-01 > Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

As plant grows what is the source of the raw materials that compose a plant?

A

water atmosphere and soil

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2
Q

sugars made by plants use

A

carbon and oxygen from the atmosphere

hydrogen from water

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3
Q

sugars made by photosynthesis is used in constructing

A

primarily carbohydrates

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4
Q

what is the direction of water movement through the plant?

A

from roots to leaves

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5
Q

What nutrient source contributes the most to the dry-weight biomass of these trees?

A

the atmosphere or air

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6
Q

root hairs greatly increase…

A

a roots absorptive surface

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7
Q

In what ways can water and solutes move through the root’s epidermis and cortex?

A
  1. through cell wall/plasma membrane

2. hydrophilic intercellular space

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8
Q

what is the casparian strip?

A

a selectively permeable plasma membrane that controls the substances that enter the vasculature of a plant

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9
Q

What cells form the xylem?

A

tracheid’s and vessel elements

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10
Q

xylem cells are both ______ and _____ when mature?

A

dead

hallow

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11
Q

describe tracheids..

A

long and thin with tapered ends

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12
Q

describe vessel elements..

A

thick and shorter w/ opening in the ends of cells

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13
Q

what pulls water up the xylem?

A

transpiration

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14
Q

xylem sap flows within the xylem and is pulled by

A

transpiration

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15
Q

sap movement is aided by _______ and ______

A

cohesion and adhesion

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16
Q

define transpiration

A

evaporative water loss

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17
Q

loss of water from the leaves causes negative pressure in the

A

mesophyll cells

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18
Q

define cohesion

A

forces that hold two of the same molecule together

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19
Q

define adhesion

A

forces that hold two different molecules together

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20
Q

water is a ______ molecule?

A

polar

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21
Q

50 gallons of water are used by one corn plant in a ______ and by one rainforest tree in a ____.

A

summer

day

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22
Q

What controls transpiration of a cell?

A

guard cells

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23
Q

When plants need CO2 guard cells?

A

swell and bow outward

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24
Q

To conserve H2O plants?

A

close the stomata

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25
define turgor pressure
loss of K+ followed by the flow of water
26
What are some of the evolutionary adaptations of the stoma?
- placement - number/ size - when to open
27
define trichomes
leaf hairs
28
define hydrotropism
how roots search for water
29
What is the physical barrier in the root that regulates the flow of water to xylem via cell walls?
the casparian strip
30
what force is responsible for the cohesiveness of water?
the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
31
A hot, dry summer will reduce crop yields because?
carbon dioxide is reduced by the stomata closing to prevent excessive water loss
32
What are the plants two separate transport systems?
- phloem | - xylem
33
phloem functions to transport
photosynthesis products from where they are made/stored to where they are needed
34
where are the sieve-tube elements growing?
in the secondary phloem
35
What do the sieve-tube elements become?
bark
36
what is the pressure flow mechanism?
the process by which sap flows from the sugar source to a sugar sink
37
describe what occurs at a sugar source?
- sugar is loaded into a phloem tube - water follows - pressure inside tube increases
38
describe what happens at a sugar sink?
- sugar is removed - water follows - pressure inside tube decreases
39
increase pressure at the sugar source and decreased pressure at the sugar sink causes phloem sap to...
flow from the source to the sink
40
At the sugar source there is _____ transport of sugar and ______ of water
- active | - osmosis
41
In the summer _____ is the sugar sink and _____ are the sugar source.
taproot leaves
42
under which condition would transpiration be most rapid?
hot, dry weather
43
the sugar sink in roots is a result of?
active transport of sugars from phloem to root cells
44
in early spring are maple roots a sugar source or a sugar sink?
sugar source
45
define macronutrients
nutrients like carbon and nitrogen that are needed in large amounts to build organic molecules
46
define micronutrients
nutrients needed in smaller amounts such as iron and zinc that act as cofactors for enzymes
47
hydroponic cultures allow for
very specific manipulation of both macro and mirco nutrients
48
Can plants use all forms of a nutrient?
NO
49
reddish purple coloring on the outside of leaves indicates
shortage of phosphate
50
orange/yellow lining on the outside of leaves indicates
Potash deficiency
51
orange/yellow lining on the inside of leaves indicates
nitrogen deficiency
52
strips along the veins of leaves indicates
magnesium deficiency
53
N2 _____ be used by plants whilst NO3- and NH4+ ______ be used by plants
CANNOT CAN
54
what are the two basic types of fertilizers?
- organic | - inorganic
55
in order to determine if a potential nutrient is essential for a plant you would perform a
hydroponic test
56
compost is considered a
organic fertilizer
57
define humus
decaying organic material
58
humus provides ______ and supports ....
nutrients the growth of organisms that enhance soil fertility
59
layers of soil
1. topsoil 2. subsoil 3. bedrock
60
topsoil is composed of
rock, living organisms, humus
61
subsoil is composed of
fine clay, nutrients from top soil
62
bedrock is composed of
mostly rocks
63
define anions
negatively charged ions
64
define cations
positively charged ions
65
what type of ions tend to drain out of soil?
anions
66
what occurs during cation exchange?
root hairs release H+ causing cation from soil to become displaced allowing the root hairs to absorb the free cations
67
What are some aspects of good soil management?
- water conserving irrigation - erosion control - prudent use of herbicides/ fertilizers
68
define erosion
the blowing/washing away of soil
69
erosion causes a loss of
nutrients and substrate in the top soil
70
sinkholes are caused by the
over exploitations of water
71
over-fertilization causes
nutrient runoff into water ways causing algae blooms
72
Which would most likely leach from the soil?
NO3-
73
commercial inorganic fertilizers have greatly increased agricultural productivity. What is an advantage of using inorganic rather than organic fertilizers?
nutrients are released faster from inorganic fertilizers
74
organic farming promotes biological diversity by
- maintaining soil quality - providing habitat for predators - avoiding genetically modified organisms
75
characteristics of sustainable agriculture
- conservation-minded - environmentally safe - can de practiced for many years without harming the environment
76
what is the primary goal of organic farming?
to achieve sustainable agriculture
77
are organic crops healthier?
according to meta-analysis studies, NO

Biology 1407-01 (14 decks)

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