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Biology 1407-01 > Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

As plant grows what is the source of the raw materials that compose a plant?

A

water atmosphere and soil

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2
Q

sugars made by plants use

A

carbon and oxygen from the atmosphere

hydrogen from water

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3
Q

sugars made by photosynthesis is used in constructing

A

primarily carbohydrates

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4
Q

what is the direction of water movement through the plant?

A

from roots to leaves

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5
Q

What nutrient source contributes the most to the dry-weight biomass of these trees?

A

the atmosphere or air

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6
Q

root hairs greatly increase…

A

a roots absorptive surface

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7
Q

In what ways can water and solutes move through the root’s epidermis and cortex?

A
  1. through cell wall/plasma membrane

2. hydrophilic intercellular space

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8
Q

what is the casparian strip?

A

a selectively permeable plasma membrane that controls the substances that enter the vasculature of a plant

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9
Q

What cells form the xylem?

A

tracheid’s and vessel elements

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10
Q

xylem cells are both ______ and _____ when mature?

A

dead

hallow

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11
Q

describe tracheids..

A

long and thin with tapered ends

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12
Q

describe vessel elements..

A

thick and shorter w/ opening in the ends of cells

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13
Q

what pulls water up the xylem?

A

transpiration

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14
Q

xylem sap flows within the xylem and is pulled by

A

transpiration

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15
Q

sap movement is aided by _______ and ______

A

cohesion and adhesion

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16
Q

define transpiration

A

evaporative water loss

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17
Q

loss of water from the leaves causes negative pressure in the

A

mesophyll cells

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18
Q

define cohesion

A

forces that hold two of the same molecule together

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19
Q

define adhesion

A

forces that hold two different molecules together

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20
Q

water is a ______ molecule?

A

polar

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21
Q

50 gallons of water are used by one corn plant in a ______ and by one rainforest tree in a ____.

A

summer

day

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22
Q

What controls transpiration of a cell?

A

guard cells

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23
Q

When plants need CO2 guard cells?

A

swell and bow outward

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24
Q

To conserve H2O plants?

A

close the stomata

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25
Q

define turgor pressure

A

loss of K+ followed by the flow of water

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26
Q

What are some of the evolutionary adaptations of the stoma?

A
  • placement
  • number/ size
  • when to open
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27
Q

define trichomes

A

leaf hairs

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28
Q

define hydrotropism

A

how roots search for water

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29
Q

What is the physical barrier in the root that regulates the flow of water to xylem via cell walls?

A

the casparian strip

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30
Q

what force is responsible for the cohesiveness of water?

A

the hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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31
Q

A hot, dry summer will reduce crop yields because?

A

carbon dioxide is reduced by the stomata closing to prevent excessive water loss

32
Q

What are the plants two separate transport systems?

A
  • phloem

- xylem

33
Q

phloem functions to transport

A

photosynthesis products from where they are made/stored to where they are needed

34
Q

where are the sieve-tube elements growing?

A

in the secondary phloem

35
Q

What do the sieve-tube elements become?

36
Q

what is the pressure flow mechanism?

A

the process by which sap flows from the sugar source to a sugar sink

37
Q

describe what occurs at a sugar source?

A
  • sugar is loaded into a phloem tube
  • water follows
  • pressure inside tube increases
38
Q

describe what happens at a sugar sink?

A
  • sugar is removed
  • water follows
  • pressure inside tube decreases
39
Q

increase pressure at the sugar source and decreased pressure at the sugar sink causes phloem sap to…

A

flow from the source to the sink

40
Q

At the sugar source there is _____ transport of sugar and ______ of water

A
  • active

- osmosis

41
Q

In the summer _____ is the sugar sink and _____ are the sugar source.

A

taproot

leaves

42
Q

under which condition would transpiration be most rapid?

A

hot, dry weather

43
Q

the sugar sink in roots is a result of?

A

active transport of sugars from phloem to root cells

44
Q

in early spring are maple roots a sugar source or a sugar sink?

A

sugar source

45
Q

define macronutrients

A

nutrients like carbon and nitrogen that are needed in large amounts to build organic molecules

46
Q

define micronutrients

A

nutrients needed in smaller amounts such as iron and zinc that act as cofactors for enzymes

47
Q

hydroponic cultures allow for

A

very specific manipulation of both macro and mirco nutrients

48
Q

Can plants use all forms of a nutrient?

49
Q

reddish purple coloring on the outside of leaves indicates

A

shortage of phosphate

50
Q

orange/yellow lining on the outside of leaves indicates

A

Potash deficiency

51
Q

orange/yellow lining on the inside of leaves indicates

A

nitrogen deficiency

52
Q

strips along the veins of leaves indicates

A

magnesium deficiency

53
Q

N2 _____ be used by plants whilst NO3- and NH4+ ______ be used by plants

A

CANNOT

CAN

54
Q

what are the two basic types of fertilizers?

A
  • organic

- inorganic

55
Q

in order to determine if a potential nutrient is essential for a plant you would perform a

A

hydroponic test

56
Q

compost is considered a

A

organic fertilizer

57
Q

define humus

A

decaying organic material

58
Q

humus provides ______ and supports ….

A

nutrients

the growth of organisms that enhance soil fertility

59
Q

layers of soil

A
  1. topsoil
  2. subsoil
  3. bedrock
60
Q

topsoil is composed of

A

rock, living organisms, humus

61
Q

subsoil is composed of

A

fine clay, nutrients from top soil

62
Q

bedrock is composed of

A

mostly rocks

63
Q

define anions

A

negatively charged ions

64
Q

define cations

A

positively charged ions

65
Q

what type of ions tend to drain out of soil?

66
Q

what occurs during cation exchange?

A

root hairs release H+ causing cation from soil to become displaced allowing the root hairs to absorb the free cations

67
Q

What are some aspects of good soil management?

A
  • water conserving irrigation
  • erosion control
  • prudent use of herbicides/ fertilizers
68
Q

define erosion

A

the blowing/washing away of soil

69
Q

erosion causes a loss of

A

nutrients and substrate in the top soil

70
Q

sinkholes are caused by the

A

over exploitations of water

71
Q

over-fertilization causes

A

nutrient runoff into water ways causing algae blooms

72
Q

Which would most likely leach from the soil?

73
Q

commercial inorganic fertilizers have greatly increased agricultural productivity. What is an advantage of using inorganic rather than organic fertilizers?

A

nutrients are released faster from inorganic fertilizers

74
Q

organic farming promotes biological diversity by

A
  • maintaining soil quality
  • providing habitat for predators
  • avoiding genetically modified organisms
75
Q

characteristics of sustainable agriculture

A
  • conservation-minded
  • environmentally safe
  • can de practiced for many years without harming the environment
76
Q

what is the primary goal of organic farming?

A

to achieve sustainable agriculture

77
Q

are organic crops healthier?

A

according to meta-analysis studies, NO

Biology 1407-01 (14 decks)

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