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Biology 1407-01 > Behavior II > Flashcards

Behavior II Flashcards

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1
Q

behavioral ecologists use what to study foraging?

A

cost-benefit analysis

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2
Q

foraging includes

A

identifying, obtaining, and eating food

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3
Q

define a search image

A

a mental picture of the desired food

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4
Q

what enables an animal to find particular foods efficiently?

A

a search image

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5
Q

the optimal foraging model predicts…

A

the feeding behavior that will maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure and risk

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6
Q

the optimal foraging models observes what 3 objectives?

A
  1. handling time
  2. calories
  3. predict size of the most consumed insect
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7
Q

what other costs can be included in the optimal foraging model?

A
  • exposure
  • risk
  • organisms’ predation
  • lost reproduction
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8
Q

what is an essential element of interactions between animals?

A

communication

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9
Q

define a signal according to behavioral ecology

A

a stimulus transmitted by one animal to another

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10
Q

communication signals can be:

A
  • visual
  • olfactory
  • physical
  • auditory
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11
Q

what enhances reproductive success?

A

mating systems and parental care

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12
Q

mating systems can be…

A
  • promiscuous
  • monogamous
  • polygamous
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13
Q

promiscuous systems have

A

strong pair-bonds or lasting relationships

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14
Q

monogamous systems have..

A

one male and one female that shared potential care

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15
Q

polygamous systems have…

A

the individual of one sex mating with several others

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16
Q

what explains the differences in mating systems and parental care by males?

A

the needs of offspring and certainty of paternity

17
Q

what influences behavior?

A

chemical pollutants

18
Q

define endocrine disruptors

A

a diverse group of substances that affect the vertebrate endocrine system

19
Q

how do endocrine disruptors affect the vertebrate endocrine system?

A

by mimicking a hormone or enhancing/inhibiting hormone activity

20
Q

how do endocrine disruptors enter ecosystems?

A

discharge from paper, lumbar mills, agriculture, factory wastes

21
Q

endocrine disruptors have been linked to

A
  • fish that lack territorial defense
  • salamanders that ignore mating cues
  • birds with sloppy nest building techniques
  • mice that take unexplainable risks
22
Q

define social behavior

A

any kind of interaction between 2 or more animals

23
Q

sociobiology is the study of

A

how social behaviors are adaptive and how they could have evolved by natural selection

24
Q

social behavior is reliant upon

A

communication

25
Q

define a territory

A

a fixed location that individuals defend from other members of the same species

26
Q

territories are usually used for

A

feeding, mating, and rearing young

27
Q

conflicts that arise over limited resources are settled by

A

agonistic behavior

28
Q

agonistic behavior consists of

A

threats, rituals, and combat

29
Q

agonistic behavior determines..

A

which organism gains access to a resource and its evolutionary fitness

30
Q

define dominance hierarchy

A

the ranking of individuals based on social interaction

31
Q

examples of dominance hierarchy include…

A
  • pecking order in chickens

- hierarchies in female wolves

32
Q

define altruism

A

a behavior that reduces an individual’s fitness while increasing the fitness of others

33
Q

J. B. S. Haldane announced that he was prepares to

A

lay down his life for 8 cousins and 2 bothers

34
Q

what concept describes an individual’s success at perpetuating its genes?

A

inclusive fitness

35
Q

define kin selection

A

natural selection favoring altruistic behavior that benefits relatives

36
Q

what study provided empirical support for kin selection?

A

Belding’s ground squirrels

37
Q

define eusociality

A

the highest level of organization of sociality

38
Q

what characteristics define eusociality?

A
  • cooperative brood care
  • overlapping generations within a colony of adults
  • division of reproductive and non-reproductive groups

Biology 1407-01 (14 decks)

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