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PLS 002A > Plant Science Midterm 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Plant Science Midterm 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Early Atmosphere made up of…

A

CH4, NH4, SO2, CO2, H2S, H2

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2
Q

Today’s Atomsphere is made up of

A

N2(78.08 percent) O2(20.95 percent) Ar (0.93 percent) CO2 (0.035 percent)
Total:99.995 percent

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3
Q

Evolution solved practical problems.

A

Plants moved onto the land

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4
Q

Evolutions that were being made for plants

A
  1. Roots = Water 2. Protect from UV radiation: epidermal pigments, ozone layer from O2 3. Minimize water loss: impermeable waxy cuticle. 4. Get CO2, and O2 through impermeable cuticle- guard cells and stomata.
  2. Transport water (and nutrients) to distant tissues-vascular system
  3. Structural support: Lignin wood
  4. Eliminate the need for a water layer for movement of motile sperm: Pollen.
  5. Means of moving male gamete: Pollen tube
  6. Feed and protect zygote-seed with 3N endosperm
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5
Q

Evolution early fern tree forests

A

390-350 X 10^6 years ago

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6
Q

Domination of cone-bearing plants

A

230-145 x 10^6 years ago

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7
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Ancient spore fern plants

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8
Q

Appearance of Flowers

A

transformed the world in an explosion of color, nectar, scent pollen, and diversity.

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9
Q

Age of the Dinosaur and 3/4 plant and animal species lost.

A

250 to 66 million years ago 65mya

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10
Q

Origin of Photosynthesis

A

Switched from removing electrons from H2S and like compounds (Iron compounds) to obtaining e- from water (photo + lysis) a new PS-PSII

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11
Q

Photolysis of water produced very toxic (to the methanogens): Oxygen.

A

Prokaryotes become organelles through endosymbiosis- still in the oceans (1.5 BYA)

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12
Q

Young Dicot Stem

A

Ring of vascular bundles

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13
Q

Young Monocot Stem

A

Scattered vascular bundles.

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14
Q

Vascular cambium

A

A cylinder of meristematic cells one layer thick

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15
Q

Vascular Cambium continued

A

adds secondary: xylem (=wood) to the inside and secondary phloem on the outside

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16
Q

Heart wood

A

secondary xylem

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17
Q

Apical meristems

A

Occur at the tips of stems (and in buds) and roots.

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18
Q

Barley Stem Leaf node

A
  1. Sheath (around the stem) 2. Stem (runs from the bottom to the middle part of the barley 3. Auricles (are Leafs that are surround the barley with a thin look) 4. Blade: the hair of the barley 5. Ligule
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19
Q

Dicot leaf

A
  1. Dorsel fin 2. Adaxial or Dorsel surface 3. Abaxial or bottom surface
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20
Q

Apomixis

A

embryo formed without meiosis or fertilization.
1. bypass of meiosis during embryo sac formation
2. development of embryo with no fertilization
3. formation of viable endosperm

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21
Q

Reasons for grafting

A

Propagation, Disease resistance, dwarfing, superior roots, repair wounds, change cultivar, aesthetics.

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22
Q

Three pieces to grafting

A

Scion, Graft Union, Root Stock

23
Q

What makes a successful graft union?

A

Formation of a continuous vascular connection between the stock and scion is essential.

24
Q

Function of leaf sheath

A

Intercalary meristem (helps the plant grow vertically: Supports elongation of plant

25
Q

Monoecious

A

both male and female flowers on one plant

26
Q

Dioecious

A

Male and Female flowers on different plants

27
Q

Grasses =

A

spike (sessile flower on one main stem)
or panicle (subbranches

28
Q

Tillers

A

Branches that develop from axillary buds at the lower nodes of a grass

29
Q

Apical dominance

A

Main/central stem of a plant is stronger and other subbranches are still produced. This happens with corn.

30
Q

Linnaeus

A

Responsible for developing for Binomial nomenclature, a unique combination of genus and specie (the specific epithet)

31
Q

System of Plant Classification

A

Kingdom, Divisions, Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species

32
Q

What happened 10,000 years ago?

A

Man domesticated and cultivated cereals and herbaceous. These transitions occurred 10,00–3500 years ago

33
Q

Dicots that make up our food

A

Dicots make up 21.5 percent of crops:
-Potatoes: 8.5 percent - Cassava 4.4 percent - Sweet potatoes 3.6 percent - Soy beans 3.0 percent - Tomatoes 2.0 percent

34
Q

Three types of Ovary placement in relation to the flower

A

Epigynous: above the ovary
Perigynous: Around the ovary
Hypogynous: Below the ovary

35
Q

Pollen tubes contain.

A

a tube nucleus and two generative nuclei

36
Q

How does fertilization occur in Angiosperm?

A

one generative nuclei fuse with the egg and the second with the two polar nuclei
1. Forms the zygote 2. Forms the nutritive tissue the endosperm.

37
Q

Endosperm in seeds: Dicot

A

Nourish developing embryo, but is not present in mature dicot seeds.

38
Q

Endosperms: Monocot

A

Endosperm is present even in the mature seeds of monocot grasses..

39
Q

4 types of fleshy fruit

A

Simple, Aggregate, multiple fruit, accessory fruit

40
Q

Multiple fruit

A

Is formed from many individual flowers in an inflorescence.

41
Q

Reason for asexual reproduction

A

To maintain a chimaera (e.g. variegation-one organism with two cells of two genotypes.
- More seeds are produced
- Too much variation
-Grifting to produce unique combination
-Shortens generation time in plant breeding

42
Q

Line

A

Genotype similar (identical in selected genes so in breeding program) Phenotype similar (depends on environment)

43
Q

Steps in seed germination

A
  1. Imbibe water and swells (rupture seed coat) Metabolism increases (Enzymes become active, protein synthesis)
  2. Radicle emerges first to absorb water (why does it need water?)
    Hypogeal: cotyledon remains below ground (pea; monocots)
    Epigeal: cotyledons emerge above ground
44
Q

Temperature

A

Some temps are used to initiate flower development (i.e., vernalization)

45
Q

Chilling requirement

A

Some plants also need cold temperatures to induce bud break in Spring the breaking of dormancy.

46
Q

What is good about variability in reproduction

A

It is essential for evolution (survival of fittest)

47
Q

Mitosis

A
  1. Centromeres are duplicated 2. Lining up individual Centromeres 3. One cell divides into two cells
48
Q

Meiosis

A

Same, but lining up of paired centromer. 2. Migrate to opposite poles. 3. Line up individual centromeres. 4. Two cell divisions and four cells are produced.

49
Q

Reason why diploid is dominant phase in angiosperms.

A

Because it holds more back up information in polyploids

50
Q

Short Day Plants

A

Plants that flower when the day length is less than a critical length. If they are exposed to day lengths in excess of this critical length

51
Q

Long Day Plants

A

Plants that flower when the day length is greater than a certain critical length.

52
Q

Day neutral plants

A

Plants flower in all possible photoperiods ranging from a few hours to 24 hours of light.

53
Q

Material is transported through a cell by …

A

diffusion, protoplasmic streaming, and by mass flow

54
Q

Fick’s first law of diffusion (1855)

A

The movement of energy or material across a barrier is proportional to the Concentration gradient, and the Area for Diffusion, and inversely proportional to the Resistance to the diffusion caused by the thickness of the barrier and it’s inherited resistance to the diffusing substance.

PLS 002A (22 decks)

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