Plant Science Flashcards
What is IPM
Integrated pest management
Describe Key Pest
One occurs one a regular basis for a given crop
Describe cultural control
Attempt to alter the crop environment to prevent or reduce pest damage
Describe biological control
Control by natural agents
Describe chemical control
The use of pesticides to reduce pest populations
What do herbicides control
Unwanted vegetation
What do insecticides control
Unwanted insects
What do fungicides control
Plant diseases caused by fungi
Define general use
The pesticide poses minimal risk when applied
Define restricted use
The pesticide poses a greater risk to humans and the environment. (A person must be trained and certified to use)
Define trade name
Manufacturer’s name for a pesticide product
Define common name
The generic name for pesticides
Define the directions for use
The correct amount, timing, and mixing needed for a pesticide
What identifies the manufacturer on pesticide labels
The EPA registration number
When dealing with chemicals, what should you wear
Gloves, boots, hat, coveralls, aprons, goggles, a face shield, and a respirator
What should pesticide storage contain
A heat and water source, a secure locking system, a sufficient storage area, and the storage space should be well ventilated and fireproof
Three main factors affecting groundwater contamination by agrochemicals
are:
Soil type and other geological characteristics
The pesticide’s persistence and mobility within the soil
The production and application methods of pesticide users
Define taproot
The main root of the plant and
generally grows straight down from the
stem
Define fibrous
The generally thin, somewhat hairlike
and numerous roots
Define bulb stems
Short stems that are surrounded by modified leaves called scales (for example easter lilies or onions)
Define corms stems
Thickened, compact, fleshy stems
Define tubers stems
Thickened underground stems that store carbohydrates (for example potatoes)
Define stamen
The male part of the flower
Define filament
Supports the anther
Define anther
Manufactures the pollen
Define pollen
The male sexual reproductive cell
Define pistil
The female part of the flower
Define stigma
Receives the pollen
Define style
Pollen travels down to ovary
Define ovary
Contains eggs, female reproductive
cells
Define perfect flower
A flower that contains all parts
Define imperfect flower
One or more parts are missing on the flower
Define pollination
The union of the pollen with the stigma
Define genus
Taxonomic category between family and species
Define species
Subgroup under genus
Define variety
A subgroup of plants developed by people, as opposed to species that originate in the wild
Define photosynthesis
Light energy is converted to a simple sugar, occurs daytime
Define chlorophyll
The green material inside the leaves and stems of the plant
Define respiration
A process by which living cells take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, occurs day and night
Define transpiration
The process by which plant gives up water vapor to atmosphere
What percent of transpiration goes through roots
90%
What influences transpiration
Humidity, temp, wind and other air movements
Define turgor
Swollen or stiffened condition as a result of the plant cells being filled with liquid
Define osmosis
Process by which water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane that is separating two solutions
WHat are the 16 plant nutrients
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur, Boron, Copper, Chlorine, Iron, Molybdenum, and zinc
Which plant nutrients are macronutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and Sulfur
Which plant nutrients are micronutrients
Boron, Copper, Chlorine, Iron, Molybdenum and Zinc
Which plant nutrient is both a macro and micronutrient
Magnesium
What are chlorosis symptoms
When a plant is lacking oxygen, has reduced growth and yellowing of leaves
Define sexual propagation
The union of an egg (ovule) and sperm (pollen) resulting in a seed
Define germination
Seed sprouts and begins to grow
Define Imbibition (the first step of germination)
The absorption of water
Define asexual propagation
Uses a part or parts of only one parent plant ( a clone plant)
What are the different types of cutting
Stem cutting, leaf type cutting, root cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture
What is the first step to air layering
The stem is girdled with two cuts about 1 inch apart, the bark is removed.
What is the second step of air layering
Dust wound with hormone powder and surround with damp sphagnum moss
What is the third step of air layering
Plastic is wrapped around the moss-packed wound and tied at both ends
What is the result of air layering
In a few weeks, roots will appear throughout the moss, the stem is cut just below the newly formed root ball and the ball is planted
Define division
If the plant has rooted crowns, these crowns are separated by cutting or pulling them apart, new clumps are planted separately
Define grafting
Procedure for joint two plant parts together so they grow as one
Define bud grafting
The union of a small piece of bark with a bud and a rootstock
Define T Budding
A T-shaped cut is made on the rootstock, a small shield shaped piece of the scion and pushed under the loosened bark of the stock plant. Then wrapped with a budding rubber (rubber band)
Define tissue culture
Many plantlets made from one leaf, must be done in a very clean atmosphere and lab made
Define olericulture
The study of vegetable production
Define plowing
Using a plow to mix up/loosen the soil
What does maintaining organic matter accomplish
Increases the water-holding and absorption
capacity of the soil
Animal manure is best for organic matter, but low in what
Phosphorus
Define fertilizing
Adding in fertilizers after a soil test to make the soil the most nutrient for the crops
Define cultivating
Intertillage of crop, helps with weed control, conservation of moisture and increased aeration
Define weed control
Making sure weeds are controlled, use herbicides on larger areas
What does irrigation include
Sprinklers, drip irrigation and subirrigation
What does mulching help
Control weeds, regulates soil temps, and conserves soil moisture
Define hydroponics
The ability to produce vegetables on
a commercial scale without soil
What is the most common produce use in hydroponics
Tomatoes
What are plants rooted in (with hydroponics) where water and nutrients flow
A filler material
