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Biology > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

A process by which organisms reproduce without the formation and fusion of gametes

Results in genetically identical offspring, known as clones

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2
Q

What type of offspring does asexual reproduction produce?

A

Genetically identical offspring, known as clones

Asexual reproduction occurs in lower-level animals and some plants

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction involving the fusion of specialised sex cells or gametes which fuse and form a zygote

The zygote develops into a new organism, genetically different from its parents

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4
Q

What is fertilisation in sexual reproduction?

A

The process when male and female gametes fuse to produce a zygote

Occurs in both animals and plants

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5
Q

How do offspring differ in sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction?

A

Offspring in sexual reproduction are genetically different from each other and from parents

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

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6
Q

What is the main difference in the number of parents between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction involves 1 parent; sexual reproduction involves 2 parents

Affects genetic variation in the offspring

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7
Q

What type of cell division produces gametes?

A

Meiosis cell division

This process is used in sexual reproduction

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8
Q

What type of cell division produces offspring in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis cell division

No gametes are produced in asexual reproduction

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9
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No need to find a partner, more resource efficient, rapid reproduction

Produces large numbers of offspring near the parent

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No genetic variation, all offspring are identical to the parent

Susceptibility to diseases can affect all offspring

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: In sexual reproduction, offspring show _______.

A

variation

Offspring have different genes from parents

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12
Q

True or False: Asexual reproduction results in offspring that show variation.

A

False

Offspring are genetically identical to the parent

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13
Q

What is a runner in asexual reproduction?

A

A side branch that produces plantlets at the end

Examples include spider plants and strawberries.

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14
Q

What role do bulbs play in plant reproduction?

A

They serve as underground food storage organs that develop into new plants

Examples include daffodil bulbs and onions.

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15
Q

What is a stem tuber?

A

A food storage organ at the end of underground stems that can grow new plants from buds called eyes

An example is the potato.

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16
Q

How is cloning a plant through cuttings performed?

A

By cutting off a branch, removing lower leaves, and planting the stem in damp compost

Planting hormones in rooting powder can encourage new roots to develop.

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17
Q

What additional component do rooting powders contain?

A

A fungicide to prevent the shoot from rotting

This is important for successful rooting of cuttings.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of covering cuttings in a clear plastic bag?

A

To keep them moist and warm, encouraging growth and preventing water loss

This is crucial when the cutting cannot replace water without roots.

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19
Q

What is the carpel in flowering plants?

A

The female part of the flower

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20
Q

What is the stamen in flowering plants?

A

The male part of the flower

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21
Q

What is the function of petals in a flower?

A

To attract insects and act as a landing platform

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22
Q

What is the role of sepals in a flower?

A

To surround the petals in the bud and protect the flower

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23
Q

What does the anther produce and release?

A

Pollen, which is the male gamete

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24
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Supports the anther

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25
Q

Where does pollen land in the female reproductive organ?

A

On the stigma

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26
Q

What connects the stigma to the ovary?

A

Style

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27
Q

What does the ovary produce?

A

Ovules

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28
Q

What structure contains the female nucleus?

A

Ovule

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29
Q

What is pollination?

A

The process where male gametes (pollen) travel to the stigma

30
Q

What happens during self-pollination?

A

Pollen from a flower lands on its own stigma

31
Q

Why is self-pollination undesirable?

A

It reduces variation in the population and can leave plants vulnerable to disease

32
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Delivering pollen to a different flower, increasing genetic variation

33
Q

How can plants prevent self-pollination?

A

By having their anthers and stigmas ripening at different times

34
Q

What is one adaptation of plants for insect pollination?

A

Large, colorful petals to attract insects

35
Q

What do nectaries secrete to attract insects?

A

Nectar

36
Q

What characteristic do pollen grains have in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Spiky or sticky pollen grains that stick to insects

37
Q

What is a feature of the stigma in insect-pollinated plants?

A

Sticky to catch pollen from insects

38
Q

What adaptation do wind-pollinated plants have in their flowers?

A

Small, dull flowers that do not need to attract insects

39
Q

What is the position of anthers in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Dangling outside the flower to catch the wind

40
Q

What is a characteristic of the stigma in wind-pollinated plants?

A

Large and feathery to catch pollen

41
Q

What type of pollen grains do wind-pollinated plants produce?

A

Light, small pollen grains that can be blown in the wind

42
Q

True or False: Wind-pollinated plants have a strong scent to attract insects.

A

False

43
Q

What is the first step in the fertilisation process in plants?

A

The male gametes in the pollen grains land on the surface of the stigma

This process is known as pollination.

44
Q

What grows through the style towards the ovary during fertilisation?

A

A pollen tube

The pollen tube is crucial for delivering the male nucleus to the ovule.

45
Q

How does the pollen tube enter the ovule?

A

It wraps around and the tip of the pollen tube enters the ovule from the bottom

This allows the male nucleus to transfer into the ovule.

46
Q

What happens to the male nucleus during fertilisation?

A

The male nucleus fuses with the ovum (egg cell) nucleus

This fusion results in the formation of a zygote.

47
Q

What develops from the zygote after fertilisation?

A

An embryo plant

The embryo plant includes a small root (radicle) and shoot (plumule).

48
Q

What are cotyledons and endosperm?

A

Food store containing starch

They provide energy for germination until the plant can photosynthesize.

49
Q

What does the ovule wall become?

A

Seed coat (testa)

The seed coat protects the developing seed.

50
Q

What does the ovary wall develop into?

A

Fruit coat

The fruit coat varies from species to species.

51
Q

Why is seed dispersal important?

A

To avoid competition with the parent plant for resources

Resources include water, space, sunlight, mineral ions, and oxygen.

52
Q

Name three methods of seed dispersal.

A
  • Water (e.g., coconut)
  • Wind (e.g., sycamore)
  • Animals (e.g., burdock)

Seeds may be dispersed inside fruit or alone.

53
Q

What is germination?

A

When the seed starts to grow

A seed remains dormant until conditions are right for growth.

54
Q

What initiates the germination process?

A

The seed absorbs water from the soil through the micropyle

This absorption leads to the softening and splitting of the testa.

55
Q

What happens to the enzymes during germination?

A

They are activated as they are in solution

Enzymes break down food reserves in the seed.

56
Q

What is the role of amylase in germination?

A

Breaks down stored starch into maltose

Maltase then converts maltose into glucose.

57
Q

What is glucose used for during germination?

A
  • Respiration
  • Building up cellulose for new cell walls

Glucose provides energy for growth.

58
Q

What happens to the seed’s mass during respiration?

A

The seed loses mass due to CO2 released

This loss occurs as the seed metabolizes stored nutrients.

59
Q

What evidence indicates that germination has occurred?

A

The radicle or plumule emerging from the seed

This is a sign that the seed has started to grow.

60
Q

What are the factors needed for germination?

A

Water, oxygen, and warmth

This is often abbreviated as WOW.

61
Q

What role does water play in seed germination?

A

Activates germination by allowing enzymes to perform respiration and digestion

Water must be in solution to collide with substrate molecules.

62
Q

What must happen for enzymes in the seed to function during germination?

A

They must be in solution

This allows enzymes to collide with their substrate molecules.

63
Q

What does the absorption of water by the seed indicate?

A

It activates germination

This is a critical first step in the germination process.

64
Q

How does high osmotic concentration impact seed germination?

A

It prevents enough water from being absorbed

If the water is too salty, it disrupts the osmotic concentration gradient.

65
Q

What is the role of oxygen in seed germination?

A

Needed for respiration which occurs in the seed during germination

Oxygen transports the energy from food for growth.

66
Q

How does warmth affect enzyme action during germination?

A

Enzyme action is temperature dependent; more enzyme and substrate collisions occur in warmer conditions

Germination tends to happen faster in warmer conditions, but excessive warmth can lead to mould growth or enzyme denaturation.

67
Q

What experimental conditions were tested for seed germination?

A

Wet or dry cotton wool, water or no water, mustard or cress seeds

Test tubes were used to assess the impact of these variables.

68
Q

What were the results in the tube with light, oxygen, water, and warmth?

A

Germination with lots of strong green shoots and long roots growing

Water activates enzymes and oxygen is used in respiration to release energy for growth.

69
Q

What happens to seed growth in the absence of warmth?

A

Growth rate is very slow; only small yellow shoots and short roots appear

This is due to slow enzyme activity at low temperatures.

70
Q

What occurs in the tube with oxygen, water, and warmth but no light?

A

Germination occurs; shoots are tall but yellow due to lack of light

This proves that light is not necessary for germination.

71
Q

What is the outcome of using pyrogallol in the experiment?

A

No germination occurs due to lack of oxygen

Pyrogallol absorbs oxygen; without it, there is no energy for growth.

72
Q

What happens when seeds are placed in a light and warm environment without water?

A

No germination occurs; enzymes aren’t in solution

Without water, starch stores are not broken down, and respiration doesn’t occur, leading to no energy for growth.

Biology (18 decks)

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