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Coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do flowering plants grow?

A

In specific areas called meristems

Examples of meristems include roots, shoots, and buds.

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2
Q

What are the four main organs of a flowering plant?

A
  • Flower
  • Leaf
  • Stem
  • Roots

Each organ has a specific function related to the plant’s growth and reproduction.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the flower in flowering plants?

A

Attracts pollinators for sexual reproduction

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4
Q

What is the role of leaves in flowering plants?

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is the function of the stem in a plant?

A

Supports the plant and contains transport systems

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6
Q

What do roots do for the plant?

A

Anchors the plant in ground and takes up mineral ions and water

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7
Q

What factors do plants grow to maximize availability of?

A
  • Light
  • Water
  • Carbon dioxide
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8
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A directional growth response towards or away from a stimulus

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9
Q

What is a positive tropism?

A

Growth towards the stimulus

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10
Q

What is a negative tropism?

A

Growth away from the stimulus

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11
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A response to light

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12
Q

What is geotropism?

A

A response to gravity

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13
Q

In phototropism, which part of the plant shows a positive response?

A

The shoots

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14
Q

In phototropism, which part of the plant shows a negative response?

A

The roots

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15
Q

What hormone is responsible for the growth responses in plants?

A

Auxin

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16
Q

How does auxin travel through the plant?

A

Dissolved in water

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17
Q

What effect does auxin have on shoot growth?

A

Promotes growth

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18
Q

What effect does auxin have on root growth?

A

Inhibits growth

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19
Q

What causes the movement of the plant in response to light?

A

Cell elongation on one side of the shoot/root

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20
Q

How does auxin affect the shoot in response to light?

A

It accumulates on the shady side, causing those cells to elongate

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21
Q

What advantage does the shoot gaining more light provide?

A

More light for photosynthesis

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22
Q

What happens to auxin in the root when exposed to sunlight?

A

It gathers on the lower side

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23
Q

What is the result of auxin accumulation in the root?

A

More growth on the side with less auxin

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24
Q

What advantage does the root growing down into the soil provide?

A

Anchors the plant and finds water and mineral ions

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25
Q

What is the effect of placing cress seeds in bright light?

A

They grow straight, short, and with green leaves due to even auxin distribution

Bright light encourages leaf formation and chlorophyll production.

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26
Q

What happens to cress seeds in complete darkness?

A

They develop long, spindly stems with pale yellow leaves as they use energy to grow upwards instead of producing chlorophyll

Auxin is evenly distributed, so the shoot grows straight up.

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27
Q

What is the outcome when cress seeds are placed in a box with one hole letting in light?

A

There is growth towards the light with pale green leaves

Auxin accumulates on the shaded side, causing elongation and bending towards the light.

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28
Q

What is the role of mica in investigating phototropism?

A

Mica is impermeable, preventing auxin diffusion and resulting in no response to light

This shows the importance of auxin movement in plant growth.

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29
Q

What happens when gelatin is used in the investigation of phototropism?

A

Auxin diffuses through gelatin, leading to cell elongation and bending towards the light

Gelatin’s permeability allows auxin to move down the shoot.

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30
Q

What occurs when the tip of the shoot is removed and placed on one side?

A

Auxin diffuses down one side only, causing cell elongation and bending towards the light

This demonstrates how auxin distribution affects plant directionality.

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31
Q

How does auxin behave when collected in an agar jelly block?

A

It diffuses out and accumulates on one side, causing cell elongation and bending

This experiment illustrates auxin’s role in directional growth.

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32
Q

What is geotropism?

A

The response of the plant to the stimulus of gravity.

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33
Q

How do shoots respond to gravity?

A

Shoots are negatively geotropic, growing away from gravity

More auxin accumulates on the lower side when a shoot is horizontal, causing it to bend upwards.

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34
Q

What is the behavior of roots in response to gravity?

A

Roots are positively geotropic, growing towards gravity

Auxin on the lower side inhibits growth, causing the upper side to grow faster and bend downwards.

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35
Q

Why is geotropism important for plants?

A

It allows roots to anchor plants and gain more water and minerals.

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36
Q

What is the function of the skin?

A

The skin serves several functions:
* Tough outer layer which resists mechanical damage.
* Barrier to the entry of pathogens.
* Impermeable, preventing water loss.
* Senses touch and temperature changes.
* Controls heat loss.

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37
Q

What happens when the body temperature is too high?

A

When the body temperature is too high:
* We sweat.
* Hairs lie flat.
* Vasodilation occurs.

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38
Q

What happens when the core temperature is too low?

A

When the core temperature is too low:
* No sweating.
* Hairs become erect due to erector muscles.
* Vasoconstriction occurs.
* Shivering happens.
* The liver increases its metabolism.

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39
Q

What is the role of sweat in temperature regulation?

A

Sweat helps to cool the body by evaporating from the skin surface, balancing the water loss from fluids taken in from food and drink.

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40
Q

Which receptors are located in the dermis?

A

Touch and pressure receptors are located in the dermis.

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41
Q

What type of muscle is involved in hair erection?

A

Hair erector muscle.

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42
Q

What is the primary component of fatty tissue?

A

Fatty tissue is made from adipocytes.

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43
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow and heat loss.

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44
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and heat loss.

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45
Q

Fill in the blank: The epidermis is the _______ layer of the skin.

A

outermost

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46
Q

True or False: The dermis contains free nerve endings sensitive to pain and temperature.

A

True

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47
Q

What is the purpose of shivering?

A

Shivering consists of rapid muscle contractions that generate heat through respiration.

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48
Q

What does the liver do in response to low core temperature?

A

The liver increases its metabolism, such as respiration, which releases heat.

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49
Q

What is the process by which sweat cools the skin?

A

Sweat is released onto the skin surface from sweat pores. It takes heat energy from the body to evaporate, leaving the skin surface cooler.

This process is essential for thermoregulation.

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50
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries dilate, allowing more blood flow and increasing heat loss to the environment through radiation.

This process helps cool the organism.

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51
Q

What is the effect of vasoconstriction on blood flow?

A

Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries constrict, resulting in less blood flow and reduced heat loss to the environment through radiation.

This process helps the organism retain heat.

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52
Q

What is the normal body temperature in degrees Celsius?

A

Around 37 degrees.

Maintaining this temperature is crucial for proper physiological function.

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53
Q

What occurs if the thermoregulatory center detects an increase in body temperature?

A

Sweating, relaxation of hair erector muscles, and vasodilation occur, helping the body return to normal temperature.

Failure to reduce body temperature could lead to hyperthermia.

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54
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in body temperature?

A

Sweating stops, hair erector muscles contract, vasoconstriction occurs, and shivering increases, aiding in returning to normal temperature.

Failure to increase body temperature could lead to hypothermia.

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55
Q

Why do smaller organisms cool down quicker?

A

They have a bigger surface area to volume ratio, allowing them to gain or lose heat faster.

This ratio affects heat transfer efficiency.

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56
Q

What is the role of endocrine glands?

A

They secrete hormones directly into the blood, which dissolve in the blood plasma.

These hormones play critical roles in various bodily functions.

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57
Q

What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete substances via ducts to the surface, such as sweat, tears, and saliva.

This type of secretion is different from the direct release into the bloodstream.

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58
Q

What are the three main uses of glucose in the bloodstream?

A
  1. Broken down in respiration to release energy
  2. Short-term storage as glycogen in muscle cells or liver
  3. Long-term storage as fat in adipose tissue

Understanding glucose metabolism is key to managing energy levels.

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59
Q

What hormone is released by the pancreas after a meal when blood glucose levels rise?

A

Insulin

Insulin helps cells take glucose out of the blood and convert it into glycogen for storage.

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60
Q

What happens to glucose levels when insulin is released?

A

Blood glucose levels decrease

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by liver and muscle cells.

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61
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A large, insoluble molecule used for storage

Glycogen is formed from glucose and stored primarily in the liver and muscles.

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62
Q

What hormone is released when blood glucose levels drop?

A

Glucagon

Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen back into glucose in the liver and muscles.

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63
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Excreting glucose in urine
  • Increased thirst and urination
  • Lack of energy and fatigue
  • Weight loss

These symptoms occur because glucose cannot enter cells for respiration.

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64
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes often treated?

A

With injections of insulin or an insulin pump

Insulin therapy is crucial for managing blood glucose levels in Type 1 diabetes.

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65
Q

What is a common method for testing for diabetes?

A

Using colored test strips to detect glucose in urine or blood glucose sensors

These tests help monitor blood glucose levels.

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66
Q

What characterizes Type 2 diabetes?

A

The pancreas still makes insulin, but the body stops responding to it

Type 2 diabetes can develop due to obesity and lack of exercise.

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67
Q

What factors can contribute to the onset of Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Obesity
  • Lack of exercise
  • Strong genetic tendency

Lifestyle choices play a significant role in the development of Type 2 diabetes.

68
Q

What are common treatments for Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Carbohydrate-controlled diet
  • Exercise
  • Tablets

Lifestyle modifications are crucial in managing Type 2 diabetes.

69
Q

Define hormones.

A

Chemicals released into the blood produced in glands

Hormones travel slowly and have long-lasting effects on the body.

70
Q

What hormone is produced by the adrenal glands and prepares the body for physical activity?

A

Adrenaline

Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine and is involved in the fight or flight response.

71
Q

What is the main function of insulin?

A

Helps control blood glucose

Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting the conversion of glucose into glycogen in the liver.

72
Q

What is the primary male sex hormone?

A

Testosterone

Testosterone is responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

73
Q

What hormone is produced by the ovaries and is the main female sex hormone?

A

Oestrogen

Oestrogen controls the menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary sexual characteristics.

74
Q

What hormone supports pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

Progesterone regulates the menstrual lining of the uterus.

75
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

ADH increases the permeability of the kidney tubes to water.

76
Q

Which gland is known as the ‘master gland’?

A

Pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is situated at the base of the brain and regulates various hormonal functions.

77
Q

What does the pancreas produce besides insulin?

A

Enzymes such as amylase and lipase

These enzymes aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and fats.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: The pancreas produces hormones to regulate _______ levels.

A

blood glucose

79
Q

True or False: The adrenal glands produce hormones that help control water content in the body.

A

False

The adrenal glands primarily produce adrenaline and other hormones, while ADH (produced by the pituitary gland) controls water content.

80
Q

What is the role of adrenaline in the body?

A

Prepares body for physical activity / fight or flight response

Adrenaline increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles, and energy availability.

81
Q

What hormone lowers blood glucose by converting it into glycogen for storage?

A

Insulin

82
Q

What hormone controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Testosterone

83
Q

What hormone controls the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen

84
Q

What gland produces oestrogen?

A

Ovaries

85
Q

What gland produces testosterone?

A

Testes

86
Q

What is the effect of progesterone on the uterus?

A

Regulates the menstrual lining

87
Q

What is the primary function of the pancreas?

A

Regulates blood glucose levels and produces digestive enzymes

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal glands produce _______.

A

Adrenaline

89
Q

What is FSH?

A

Female sex hormone produced by the pituitary gland

FSH stands for Follicle-Stimulating Hormone.

90
Q

What hormone stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen?

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

LH is also produced by the pituitary gland.

91
Q

What process does LH cause in the ovary?

A

Maturation of an egg

LH triggers the release of an egg from the ovary.

92
Q

What is the primary function of adrenaline?

A

Prepares the body for physical activity - flight or fight

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands.

93
Q

What happens to glucose in the presence of adrenaline?

A

Released from the liver

This provides energy for physical activity.

94
Q

How does adrenaline affect blood flow?

A

Directed away from the gut and towards the muscles

This enhances physical performance.

95
Q

What effect does adrenaline have on heart rate?

A

Increases heart rate

This helps pump more blood to muscles.

96
Q

What happens to hair when adrenaline is released?

A

Stands on end

This makes the animal appear larger.

97
Q

How do pupils react to adrenaline?

A

Dilate

This allows more light in for better vision.

98
Q

What change occurs in breathing due to adrenaline?

A

Becomes faster and deeper

This increases oxygen intake.

99
Q

What is the main component of the nervous system?

A

Neurones

Neurones are responsible for transmitting signals.

100
Q

What is the form of transmission in the nervous system?

A

Electric impulses

This allows for rapid communication.

101
Q

What is the speed of transmission in the nervous system?

A

Fast

This enables quick responses to stimuli.

102
Q

What is the duration of effect in the nervous system?

A

Short lived

Effects dissipate quickly after the stimulus.

103
Q

What is the response of the nervous system?

A

Localized

Responses are specific to the area stimulated.

104
Q

What do muscles do in response to the nervous system?

A

Contract

Muscles are effectors in the nervous system.

105
Q

What is the primary component of the endocrine system?

A

Secretory cells in glands

These cells produce hormones.

106
Q

What is the form of transmission in the endocrine system?

A

Hormones / chemicals

Hormones are released into the bloodstream.

107
Q

What is the speed of transmission in the endocrine system?

A

Slower

Hormonal effects take time to manifest.

108
Q

What is the duration of effect in the endocrine system?

A

Longer lasting

Hormonal effects can persist for extended periods.

109
Q

What is the response of the endocrine system?

A

Widespread

Hormones affect multiple organs and systems.

110
Q

What do glands do in the endocrine system?

A

Secrete hormones into the bloodstream

This is the primary function of endocrine glands.

111
Q

What do all living organisms need to do in response to their environment?

A

Detect and respond to changes - stimuli

This is essential for survival.

112
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

The role of the CNS is coordination.

113
Q

What are the two types of matter found in the CNS?

A

Grey matter and white matter

Grey matter consists mainly of nerve cell bodies, while white matter is mostly myelin sheaths of axons.

114
Q

What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Connects all parts of the body to the CNS

It includes sensory and motor neurones.

115
Q

What are neurones?

A

Specialised cells that conduct electrical impulses through the body

They play a crucial role in the nervous system.

116
Q

What are dendrons?

A

Fine cytoplasmic extensions leading to the cell body

They are part of the structure of a neurone.

117
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Finer extensions of the dendrons

Dendrites receive signals from other neurones.

118
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Carries impulses from the cell body to the effector

It is a crucial part of the neurone’s structure.

119
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Where the axon meets a muscle

It is essential for muscle contraction.

120
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

A fatty layer that insulates the axon

It prevents short circuits and speeds up impulses.

121
Q

What are the three types of neurones?

A
  • Sensory neurones
  • Relay neurones
  • Motor neurones

Each type has a specific function in the nervous system.

122
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Link the receptors to the CNS

They transmit sensory information.

123
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Link sensory to motor neurones inside the CNS

They help process information.

124
Q

What do motor neurones link?

A

Link the CNS to the effector (e.g. muscle)

They facilitate action in response to stimuli.

125
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of many neurones enclosed within a protective sheath

Nerves transmit signals throughout the body.

126
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction or gap between two neurones, across which chemical signals pass.

Synapses play a crucial role in communication between neurones.

127
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules at a synapse?

A

An impulse reaching the synapse at one end of the neurone.

Neurotransmitters are essential for transmitting signals between neurones.

128
Q

What do neurotransmitter molecules do at the synapse?

A

They diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptors on the next neurone, triggering another impulse.

This process is vital for the continuation of nerve signals.

129
Q

What ensures that impulses only travel in one direction across a synapse?

A

The structure and function of the synapse.

This directional flow is important for the proper functioning of the nervous system.

130
Q

How can drugs such as heroin affect synapses?

A

They can alter the function of synapses.

This can lead to changes in mood, perception, and behavior.

131
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Fast, automatic responses to certain stimuli that prevent damage to cells and tissues.

Reflexes are critical for survival.

132
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The route taken by the information in a reflex from the receptor to the effector.

Reflex arcs allow for quick responses without conscious thought.

133
Q

True or False: Reflex arcs happen without needing to think about them.

A

True.

This allows for rapid responses to stimuli.

134
Q

Fill in the blank: A stimulus is detected by a _______ in a sensory organ.

A

[receptor]

Receptors are specialized cells that detect changes in the environment.

135
Q

What pathway does an impulse take after being detected by a receptor in a reflex arc?

A

It is sent along a sensory neurone into the CNS through the dorsal route.

This pathway is essential for processing sensory information.

136
Q

What connects sensory neurones to relay neurones in the spinal cord?

A

Synapses where neurotransmitters diffuse across.

This connection allows for communication within the CNS.

137
Q

What route does the motor neurone take after connecting with relay neurones?

A

It leaves the spinal cord through the ventral route.

This route is crucial for sending commands to effectors.

138
Q

What happens at the effector in a reflex response?

A

The muscle contracts, pulling something away from the harmful stimulus.

This action is a protective mechanism to avoid injury.

139
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

Lubricates and protects the eye

The conjunctiva is a transparent membrane.

140
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The tough outer layer which protects the eye

The sclera provides structural support.

141
Q

What role does the cornea play in vision?

A

Refracts most light

The cornea is a transparent part of the thick coating of the eyeball.

142
Q

What is the purpose of the choroid?

A

Absorbs light preventing reflection inside the eye

The choroid is the black layer within the eye.

143
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

Fills the space behind the lens and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball

It is a gel-like substance.

144
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Regulates how much light enters the eye

The iris is a circular pigmented tissue.

145
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

The lens adjusts to focus on objects at various distances.

146
Q

Where are light sensitive cells found in the eye?

A

In the retina

The retina is crucial for converting light into neural signals.

147
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve?

A

Sends impulses to the brain

The optic nerve transmits visual information.

148
Q

What is the role of the aqueous humour?

A

Fills the space in front of the lens and helps maintain the shape of the eye

It is a clear fluid that also provides nutrients.

149
Q

What are the two types of light-sensitive cells in the retina?

A

Cone cells and rod cells

These cells are essential for vision under different lighting conditions.

150
Q

Fill in the blank: Cone cells only work in _______ conditions.

A

bright light

Cone cells are responsible for color vision.

151
Q

What can rod cells detect?

A

Only black and white

Rod cells do not distinguish colors.

152
Q

Where are cone cells found in high density?

A

In the fovea

The fovea is the central region of the retina.

153
Q

True or False: Rod cells can work in dim light conditions.

A

True

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.

154
Q

Where are rod cells mostly located?

A

Around the edge of the retina

This distribution helps with peripheral vision.

155
Q

Why don’t we see colours well at night?

A

Cones responsible for colour detection only work in bright light

156
Q

What happens when moving from bright to dim conditions?

A

Eyes need time to adapt from using cone cells to rod cells

157
Q

What occurs in the iris and pupil reflex in bright light?

A

Circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax, causing pupil constriction

158
Q

What occurs in the iris and pupil reflex in dim light?

A

Circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract, causing pupil dilation

159
Q

What is the function of the lens in the human eye?

A

Changes shape to focus light that enters through the pupil onto the retina

160
Q

How does light enter the eye and what happens to it?

A

Light is refracted by the cornea and lens, inverting the image on the retina

161
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at distant objects?

A

Ciliary muscles relax, allowing suspensory ligaments to pull tight, flattening the lens

162
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at nearby objects?

A

Ciliary muscles contract, slackening suspensory ligaments, making the lens more rounded

163
Q

What is short-sightedness caused by?

A

Cornea/lens refracts light too much or eyeball is too long, focusing images in front of the retina

164
Q

What is long-sightedness caused by?

A

Cornea/lens doesn’t refract light enough or eyeball is too short, focusing images behind the retina

165
Q

What happens to the lens as people get older?

A

Loses flexibility, making it harder to focus for near viewing, potentially requiring reading glasses

Biology (18 decks)

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