plant reproduction

Question 1

what are the two types of reproduction

Answer 1

asexual and sexual

Question 2

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 2

reproduction involving only one parent and no sex cells, the offspring is identical to the parent (no mixing of genetic information)

Question 3

what is sexual reproduction

Answer 3

reproduction involving two parents called the male and female. The fertilisation of the male and female gametes produces genetic variation in the offspring

Question 4

name a few advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 4

•advantages- population can increase rapidly, only one parent needed, requires less energy

•disadvantages- does not lead to variation in a population, species may only be suited to one habitat, disease may affect all individuals in a population

Question 5

name a few advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 5

•advantages- introduces variation into a population, the species can adapt to new environments, a disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population

•disadvantages- time and energy needed to mate, not possible for an isolated individual

Question 6

name 3 types of asexual reproduction

Answer 6

-binary fission
-budding
-fungal spore formation

Question 7

explain binary fission

Answer 7

this is the simplest form of reproduction and involves one cell dividing into two halves. The parent cell makes a copy of the cell contents so as to be able to then divide into two daughter cells (mitosis). Bacteria and protists use this .

Question 8

explain budding

Answer 8

budding is when a new organism starts growing attached to the parent cell and then buds off the parent organism, either in the form of a single cell or more complex, multicellular bud as in plants

Question 9

explain fungal spore formation

Answer 9

in fungi, asexual reproduction occurs by forming single celled spores in sporangia, which are released into the wind. They are dispersed by air currents and if they reach a suitable environment they will grow new hyphae

Question 10

where are the reproduction organs found in plants

Answer 10

in flowers

Question 11

explain the female part of the flower

Answer 11

The female part of the flower is called the carpel or pistil. It includes a stigma, where pollen from other flowers lands the style and the ovary, inside which are the ovules

Question 12

explain the male part of the flower

Answer 12

the male part of the flower is called the stamen. It includes the pollen- producing anther, held up by a stalk called the filament

Question 13

what are the functions of petals

Answer 13

large, brightly coloured and scented to attract insects for pollination

Question 14

what are the functions of sepals

Answer 14

green, small leaf like structures that form a ring around the petals to protect the flower when it is still a bud

Question 15

what is the function of the nectary

Answer 15

an organ present at the base of the flower that releases nectar

Question 16

what is the function of the stigma

Answer 16

has a sticky surface to catch pollen

Question 17

what is the function of the style

Answer 17

long or short projection that holds the stigma, and grows a pollen tube through it for fertilisation

Question 18

what is the function of the ovary

Answer 18

organ where ovules are found , and becomes fruit after fertilisation

Question 19

what are the functions of ovules

Answer 19

they contain the female gamete and become seeds after fertilisation

Question 20

what are the anthers

Answer 20

anthers are found at the tip of the filament and contain 4 pollen sacks each that produce pollen and split open to release pollen when ripe

Question 21

what is the filament

Answer 21

stalk that holds up the anther

Question 22

what is the function ofpollen

Answer 22

contains the male gamete

Question 23

what is the definition of pollination

Answer 23

the process by which pollen grains from the male anther of a flower are transferred to the female stigma of the same species

Question 24

name two types of pollination

Answer 24

wind pollination and insect pollination

Question 25

explain wind pollination

Answer 25

pollen is carried from one flower to another by wind. for this to happen, the flower must have features such as:
-anthers dangling out and lots of pollen
-small,smooth and wing like extensions to aid it travelling by wind
-stigma must be feathery to increase SA for catching pollen
-no coloured/ scented petals,
-no nectaries

Question 26

explain insect pollination

Answer 26

the pollen has kooks and grooves and is sticky and heavy to attach to the insects body . The petals are brightly coloured and scented to attract insects. Nectaries provide nectar to feed insects. The stigma is sticky for pollen to attach to

Question 27

describe the process of pollination

Answer 27

1-the pollen grain lands on the stigma
2-the pollen grain releases enzymes and begins to grow a pollen tube through the style
3- the pollen tube reaches the ovary and ovule

Question 28

explain the steps of fertilisation

Answer 28

1- the male nucleus travels from the pollen grain down the pollen tube
2- the male nucleus passes through the micropyle and into the ovule
3-the male nucleus fuses with the female nucleus forming a zygote
4- each egg cell can only be fertilised by one pollen grain

Question 29

what is the definition of fruit

Answer 29

the fruit is the seed bearing structure of an angiosperm plant, responsible for seed dispersal

Question 30

name 4 methods of seed dispersal

Answer 30

explosive dispersal
wind dispersal
water dispersal
animal dispersal

Question 31

explain explosive dispersal

Answer 31

the fruit dries in the sun and shrivels. The tough fibres of the fruit wall shrink and create tension. The fruit splits in half down two lines of weakness which curled back and suddenly throw out the seeds

Question 32

explain water dispersal

Answer 32

fruit is water resistant and floats. Once these fruits fall into a water source, they are carried away to new locations

Question 33

name 3 challenges faced in plant reproduction

Answer 33

1-loss of gamete’s during unsuccessful pollination
2-the availability of dispersal mechanisms
3-competition when seed cells close to parent

Question 34

define germination

Answer 34

a process in which the seed begins to develop into a new plant

Question 35

what are the factors affecting germination

Answer 35

-water to swell the seed and break open the testa
-oxygen for aerobic respiration
-ideal temperature to create ideal environment for enzymes to work best

Question 36

what are the steps of germination

Answer 36

1- uptake of water to begin germination, causes the swell and break of the testa
2- growth under the soil as the seed has food stores that it used for respiration for energy in order to grow. The root begins to branch out
3- growth above the soil, now called a seedling