Plant Propagation, Cloning, Biotech And GMOs

Question 1

Totipotency

Answer 1

Each plant cell has the potential to develop into a whole plant if grown with proper hormones and nutrients.

Question 2

Clonal propagation

Answer 2

Plant tissue culture

Question 3

Vegetative propagation

Answer 3

Using cuttings, roots or grafting

Question 4

Transgenic plants

Answer 4

Produced by inserting genes from virtually any organism into plants
GMO = genetically modified organism that carries DNA from another organisms.

Question 5

GM Foods

Answer 5

1/2 of the corn crop and 3/4 soybean crop is genetically modified

Question 6

Recombinant DNA tech

Answer 6

A set of techniques for combining genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule

Gene of interest must be cloned

Question 7

Recombinant DNA techniques

Answer 7

-Isolate gene of interest
-Cloning inside of bacteria
-Plasmids of bacteria usually used as cloning vectors
- gene of interest must be clones

Question 8

How to clone a gene

Answer 8

E colo are stimulated to take up plasmid

Bacteria multiply
As they multiply the gene is also multiplied

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

After cloning gene is inserted into plant cells
Plasmids removed from e coli
Same restriction enzymes used to cut out gene
Plant is transformed with new gene

Question 10

Plasmid vectors

Answer 10

Soil dwelling bacterium
Infects many flowering plants
Causes crown gall disease
Inserts some DNA into plant genome

Question 11

Electroporation

Answer 11

Producing pores on the membrane by electric pulses.

Question 12

Particle bombardment

Answer 12

Gold particles covered with DNA are shot into cell

Question 13

BT gene

Answer 13

Gene from Bacillus thiringiensis used to code for a protein toxic to caterpillars in tomatoes, and Colorado potato beetle for potatoes.

Question 14

Testing for GMOs using DNA Technology

Answer 14

1) DNA extraction
2) PCR
3) gel electrophoresis

Question 15

Bradford Protein Assay

Answer 15

• used to measure protein
  -colorimetric
  -shine light of a specific wavelength through the microplate
  -measure the absorbance in each well
• compare absorbances of sample to a sample of known protein concentration

Question 16

Cons of transgenic plants

Answer 16

• unanswered question need to be answered:
• effects on non- target organisms, such as beneficial insects, worms or birds
• effects on humans eating transgenic crops? - allergic reaction to transgender protein product?
  -movement of herbicide resistance genes into weeds?
• evolution of insects to be able to eat transgenic plants?
• encouragement of farmers to head farther away from sustainable agricultural farming.

Question 17

Transcriptomics

Answer 17

The study of the complete set of RNAs encoded by the genome of a specific cell, organ, or organ or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions.

Question 18

cDNA libraries

Answer 18

Copies of DNA

Question 19

Gene expression profiling

Answer 19

Testing how genes are expressed