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Botany > Plant Movement, Growth, Signaling. Hormones And Nutrients > Flashcards

Plant Movement, Growth, Signaling. Hormones And Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Macro Nutrients

A

N- nitrogen
P- phosphorus
K- potassium

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2
Q

Secondary elements

A

Ca- calcium
Mg- magnesium
S- sulphur

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3
Q

Micro elements

A

Fe- iron
B- boron
Zn- zinc
Cu- copper
Mn- manganese
Mo- molybdenum

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4
Q

Ectomycorrhiza

A

Beneficial fungus on the outside of roots

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5
Q

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

A

Beneficial fungal structure under the epidermal cells

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6
Q

Benefits of am colonization

A

Increased resistance to dollar pathogens
Increased drought tolerance
Increased salt tolerance
SaR like responses
Resistance to root pathogens
Resistance to heavy metals
Systemic resistance to root pathogens

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7
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP

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9
Q

How do roots absorb nutrients?

A

-H+ ions actively transported out of vacuoles of root cells into soil
-H+ ions displace minerals from clay particles, which diffuse into root along concentration gradient
-Clay particles are negatively charged bind to cations
-cations exchanged for hydrogen
- minerals are released into the soil solution

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10
Q

Potassium

A

-In photosynthesis regulates the opening and closing of stomata, therefore regulating CO2 uptake
- triggers activation of enzymes, is essential for production of ATP

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11
Q

Magnesium and Nitrogen in chlorophyll

A

Chlorophyll is one mg surrounded by nitrogen then by carbon any hydrogen, then a hydrophobic tail

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12
Q

Phosphorus and Nitrogen in ATP

A

Three phosphates = ATP
Two phosphates = ADP

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13
Q

Phosphorus and Nitrogen in DNA and RNA

A

Phosphorus in the sugar phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

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14
Q

Nitrogen into proteins Amino acids

A

Amino acids- r group Amino group and carboxyl group

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15
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

(Photo in slides)
Cow poops it leaches into the ground to become ammonium (NH4)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria change it to ammonia. (NH3)
Nitrifying Bacteria convert it to NO3
Assimilation
Denitrifiation bacteria

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16
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

On roots of plants
They get photosynthesis products from plants
they give nitrogen compounds from the air to the roots

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17
Q

Root nodules

A

Occurs when a plant makes a home for their Nitrogen fixing Bacteria friends

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18
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals
From the Greek word Horman “to stimulate
Regulate metabolism, growth and it only takes a little bit
Can control expression of specific genes

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19
Q

Auxins

A

Produced in apical meristems of shoots
Moves downward in stem to roots
Controls cell elongation

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20
Q

Hormone that plays a role in vascular tissue differentiation?

A

Auxins

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21
Q

Hormone that promotes formation of lateral and adventitious roots?

A

Auxins

22
Q

Hormone that inhibits growth of lateral buds?

A

Auxins

23
Q

Hormone that promotes fruit development by instigating maturation of the ovary wall?

A

Auxins

24
Q

Cytokinins

A

Discovered in coconut milk
Promotes cell division
Named for involvement in cytokinesis
Travels from apical meristem of roots up into plant

25
Q

Hormone most abundant in actively dividing tissues like seeds, fruits, and leaves?

A

Cytokinins

26
Q

Hormone that works with and balances the effects of auxins?

A

Cytokinins

27
Q

Hormone produced in the roots that promotes cell division?

A

Cytokinins

28
Q

Ethylene

A
  • Gas- a simple hydrocarbon CH2=CH2
  • Major influence on most aspects os plant growth and development
    -Usually inhibits cell elongation
    -Promotes fruit ripening
  • promotes abscission
  • Mechanical wounding and environmental stresses can stimulate production
29
Q

What hormone promotes fruit ripening?

A

Ethylene

30
Q

What hormone promotes abscission?

A

Ethylene

31
Q

What hormone is stimulated by mechanical wounding and environmental stresses?

A

Ethylene

32
Q

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

A

Growth inhibiting hormone in dormant buds, fruits, and embryos.
Induces dormancy.

33
Q

What hormone induces dormancy?

A

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

34
Q

What hormone stimulates stomata closure when water is scarce?

A

Abscisic Acid, (ABA)

35
Q

What part of the plant is Abscisic Acid produced in?

A

Produced by roots, released by xylem

36
Q

Gibberellins

A

Stimulate growth of stems
Both cell division and cell elongation

37
Q

What hormone is active in both cell division and cell elongation?

A

Gibberellins

38
Q

What hormone is responsible for the growth of stems?

A

Gibberellins

39
Q

What hormone stimulates seed germination by stimulating digestive enzymes?

A

Gibberellins

40
Q

What are other external factors that affect plant growth or movement?

A

Tropisms
Nastic movements

41
Q

Tropisms

A

Directional growth in response to an external stimulus
Phototropism
Gravitropism or geotropism
Thigmotropism

42
Q

What is the curving of light toward the light?

A

Positive phototropism

43
Q

What is the curving of roots away from the light?

A

Negative phototropism

44
Q

Phototropism

A

Photoreceptor for this response is a pigment containing protein that absorbs blue light and converts signal into a biochemical response
Involves Auxin

45
Q

What tropism involves the lateral migration of auxin under the influence of light?

A

Phototropism
Auxin is made in stem and leaves and travels down the stem
Auxin makes cells elongate on the opposite side of the light, or the shady side, causing a curving toward the light

46
Q

Gravitropism

A

Response of a shoot or a root to gravity

Movement of auxin to lower surface of a horizontally oriented shoot or root promotes the upward curvature of a shoot or the downward curvature of a root.

Auxin stimulates cell elongation is shoots and inhibits cell elongation in roots

47
Q

What is the starch-statholith hypothesis?

A

Involves small particles sinking to the bottom of the amyloplasts telling the plant which way is down

48
Q

Thigmotropism

A

Response to contact with a solid object

Greek word “thigma” means touch

Enables roots to grow around rocks
Enables shoots to wrap around structures, like tendrils

49
Q

Heliotropism

A

Leaves and flowers orienting themselves to face suns rays
Solar tracking
Greek word “helio” means sun
Not due to cell growth or elongation
Change of water potential in cells of Pulvini (specialized areas of leaves of certain plants)

50
Q

Nastic Movements

A

Movements that occur in response to stimulus with direction of movement being unrelated to the direction of the stimulus

Very quick and unrelated to cell growth

Osmotic Motors results from turbot changes in cells (motor cells of pulvini

Related to and increased concentration of sugars which decreases water potential in the cells and can involve K+ and Cl-

Botany (8 decks)

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