Plant Movement, Growth, Signaling. Hormones And Nutrients

Question 1

Macro Nutrients

Answer 1

N- nitrogen
P- phosphorus
K- potassium

Question 2

Secondary elements

Answer 2

Ca- calcium
Mg- magnesium
S- sulphur

Question 3

Micro elements

Answer 3

Fe- iron
B- boron
Zn- zinc
Cu- copper
Mn- manganese
Mo- molybdenum

Question 4

Ectomycorrhiza

Answer 4

Beneficial fungus on the outside of roots

Question 5

Arbuscular mycorrhiza

Answer 5

Beneficial fungal structure under the epidermal cells

Question 6

Benefits of am colonization

Answer 6

Increased resistance to dollar pathogens
Increased drought tolerance
Increased salt tolerance
SaR like responses
Resistance to root pathogens
Resistance to heavy metals
Systemic resistance to root pathogens

Question 7

Passive transport

Answer 7

Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

Question 8

Active transport

Answer 8

Requires ATP

Question 9

How do roots absorb nutrients?

Answer 9

-H+ ions actively transported out of vacuoles of root cells into soil
-H+ ions displace minerals from clay particles, which diffuse into root along concentration gradient
-Clay particles are negatively charged bind to cations
-cations exchanged for hydrogen
- minerals are released into the soil solution

Question 10

Potassium

Answer 10

-In photosynthesis regulates the opening and closing of stomata, therefore regulating CO2 uptake
- triggers activation of enzymes, is essential for production of ATP

Question 11

Magnesium and Nitrogen in chlorophyll

Answer 11

Chlorophyll is one mg surrounded by nitrogen then by carbon any hydrogen, then a hydrophobic tail

Question 12

Phosphorus and Nitrogen in ATP

Answer 12

Three phosphates = ATP
Two phosphates = ADP

Question 13

Phosphorus and Nitrogen in DNA and RNA

Answer 13

Phosphorus in the sugar phosphate backbone
Nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

Question 14

Nitrogen into proteins Amino acids

Answer 14

Amino acids- r group Amino group and carboxyl group

Question 15

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 15

(Photo in slides)
Cow poops it leaches into the ground to become ammonium (NH4)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria change it to ammonia. (NH3)
Nitrifying Bacteria convert it to NO3
Assimilation
Denitrifiation bacteria

Question 16

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

Answer 16

On roots of plants
They get photosynthesis products from plants
they give nitrogen compounds from the air to the roots

Question 17

Root nodules

Answer 17

Occurs when a plant makes a home for their Nitrogen fixing Bacteria friends

Question 18

Hormones

Answer 18

Chemical signals
From the Greek word Horman “to stimulate
Regulate metabolism, growth and it only takes a little bit
Can control expression of specific genes

Question 19

Auxins

Answer 19

Produced in apical meristems of shoots
Moves downward in stem to roots
Controls cell elongation

Question 20

Hormone that plays a role in vascular tissue differentiation?

Answer 20

Auxins

Question 21

Hormone that promotes formation of lateral and adventitious roots?

Answer 21

Auxins

Question 22

Hormone that inhibits growth of lateral buds?

Answer 22

Auxins

Question 23

Hormone that promotes fruit development by instigating maturation of the ovary wall?

Answer 23

Auxins

Question 24

Cytokinins

Answer 24

Discovered in coconut milk
Promotes cell division
Named for involvement in cytokinesis
Travels from apical meristem of roots up into plant

Question 25

Hormone most abundant in actively dividing tissues like seeds, fruits, and leaves?

Answer 25

Cytokinins

Question 26

Hormone that works with and balances the effects of auxins?

Answer 26

Cytokinins

Question 27

Hormone produced in the roots that promotes cell division?

Answer 27

Cytokinins

Question 28

Ethylene

Answer 28

- Gas- a simple hydrocarbon CH2=CH2 - Major influence on most aspects os plant growth and development -Usually inhibits cell elongation -Promotes fruit ripening - promotes abscission - Mechanical wounding and environmental stresses can stimulate production

Question 29

What hormone promotes fruit ripening?

Answer 29

Ethylene

Question 30

What hormone promotes abscission?

Answer 30

Ethylene

Question 31

What hormone is stimulated by mechanical wounding and environmental stresses?

Answer 31

Ethylene

Question 32

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Answer 32

Growth inhibiting hormone in dormant buds, fruits, and embryos. Induces dormancy.

Question 33

What hormone induces dormancy?

Answer 33

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

Question 34

What hormone stimulates stomata closure when water is scarce?

Answer 34

Abscisic Acid, (ABA)

Question 35

What part of the plant is Abscisic Acid produced in?

Answer 35

Produced by roots, released by xylem

Question 36

Gibberellins

Answer 36

Stimulate growth of stems Both cell division and cell elongation

Question 37

What hormone is active in both cell division and cell elongation?

Answer 37

Gibberellins

Question 38

What hormone is responsible for the growth of stems?

Answer 38

Gibberellins

Question 39

What hormone stimulates seed germination by stimulating digestive enzymes?

Answer 39

Gibberellins

Question 40

What are other external factors that affect plant growth or movement?

Answer 40

Tropisms Nastic movements

Question 41

Tropisms

Answer 41

Directional growth in response to an external stimulus Phototropism Gravitropism or geotropism Thigmotropism

Question 42

What is the curving of light toward the light?

Answer 42

Positive phototropism

Question 43

What is the curving of roots away from the light?

Answer 43

Negative phototropism

Question 44

Phototropism

Answer 44

Photoreceptor for this response is a pigment containing protein that absorbs blue light and converts signal into a biochemical response Involves Auxin

Question 45

What tropism involves the lateral migration of auxin under the influence of light?

Answer 45

Phototropism Auxin is made in stem and leaves and travels down the stem Auxin makes cells elongate on the opposite side of the light, or the shady side, causing a curving toward the light

Question 46

Gravitropism

Answer 46

Response of a shoot or a root to gravity Movement of auxin to lower surface of a horizontally oriented shoot or root promotes the upward curvature of a shoot or the downward curvature of a root. Auxin stimulates cell elongation is shoots and inhibits cell elongation in roots

Question 47

What is the starch-statholith hypothesis?

Answer 47

Involves small particles sinking to the bottom of the amyloplasts telling the plant which way is down

Question 48

Thigmotropism

Answer 48

Response to contact with a solid object Greek word “thigma” means touch Enables roots to grow around rocks Enables shoots to wrap around structures, like tendrils

Question 49

Heliotropism

Answer 49

Leaves and flowers orienting themselves to face suns rays Solar tracking Greek word “helio” means sun Not due to cell growth or elongation Change of water potential in cells of Pulvini (specialized areas of leaves of certain plants)

Question 50

Nastic Movements

Answer 50

Movements that occur in response to stimulus with direction of movement being unrelated to the direction of the stimulus Very quick and unrelated to cell growth Osmotic Motors results from turbot changes in cells (motor cells of pulvini Related to and increased concentration of sugars which decreases water potential in the cells and can involve K+ and Cl-