Kingdom Plantae And Bryophytes Flashcards
Terrestrial adaptations of plants
All plants have cuticle layer
Many plants have structural specializations such as vascular tissue leading to roots and shoots
Fungi Assisted with the move to land
Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi associated with their roots. Help with water and nutrient absorption
Terrestrial adaptations of plants
Reproductive adaptions
Reproductive Adaptations
Produce gametes in protective structures called gametangia, known as the gametangia, known as the gametophyte generation.
In plants the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.
Gametangia
Reproductive adaptations
Terrestrial adaptiontions
Cuticle
Evolution of plants
4 major stages
First stage
Development of a cuticle
Gametangia and sporangia because multicellular and surrounded by a sterile cell jacket
Zygotes developed into a multicellular embryo within parental tissues that originally surrounded the egg.
Second stage
Diversification of vascular plants. Lycophytes and Pteridophytes
Lycophyte
Has vascular tissue
Pteridophytes
Has vascular tissue
Third stage
Began with the origin of the seed ovule and pollen. (Gymnosperms)
Fourth Stage
Emergence of flowers and fruits (ovary). (Angiosperms)
Vessel elements
Special vascular tissue in the xylem in angiosperms and early gymnosperms
Bryophytie
Mosses, liverworts and hornwarts
Vascular seedless plants
Evolution of dominant sporophyte, vascular tissue
Vascular seed plants
Evolution of seeds
Bryophytes
Seedless non vascular plants
Earliest plant fossils
400 million years old
Seedless plants
Briophytes
Lycophytes
Pterophytes
Spore or clone
Alternation of Generations
An alternation between diploid and haploid generations
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte generation dominate in mosses
Gametophyte is dominant
Antheridia
Produce sperm in mosses
Archegonia
Female moss flowers
Where egg is produced
Not called an ovule
Venter
Comparison to uterus in mosses located in archegonium
Bryophyte general features
*small compact
*found in moist and dry environments
*non-vascular
*lack vascular system and true roots, stems, and leaves
*Gametophyte generation dominant
*some unisexual, some bisexual
*Require water for fertilization
*flagellated
Meiosis occurs in “flower”
To produce spores
Differences between mosses, liverworts, and hornwarts
Mosses
Three classes
Over 15,000 species
Seta (moss)
Stalk of sporophyte
Rhizoids
“Roots” of moss
Capsule
Sprorangangia
Leaf like arrangement moss
Spirally arranged
Class sphagnidae
Peat mosses
One of the most abundant plants on earth
Peat lands store large amounts of carbon
Sphagnum Peat Moss
Unique leaf structure allows leaves to absorb large quantities of water
Uses of peat mosses
Water holding capacity 20x dry weight
Acids and antiseptics
Diaper or bandage
Horticulture
Harvested and burned for fuel
Bodies of the bog
Northeastern Europe
Many died violent deaths
Skeletons to well preserved complete bodies to isolated to heads and limbs
8000 b. To the early midieval
Class Andreaeidae
Class Bryidae
Common mosses
Calyptra
Top of archegonia
Operculum
Comes off like a cap
Peristome
Has teeth, spores come out
Liverworts
Phylum Hepaticophyta
Not spirally arranged
Thalloid liverworts
No stemlike or leaf like structures.
Flattened
Leafy liverworts
Leaf arrangements in rows
Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
Gemmae cups
Sends out fragments of itself
Air pores in liverworts
Look like stomata, no guards
Liverwort lifecycle
Archegoniaphore: neck cells into the vent or
Antheridaphore: tree like structure, antheridia head, rain falls splashes out sperm, sperm splash to the archegoniaphore, the sperm swim to the archegonia to fertilize
Elaters
Help to allow spores to shoot out
Hornwort
Phylum Anthocerophyta
Shaped like a horn
Asexual reproduction fragmentation
Sexual reproduction archegonia and antheridia
Sporophyte width lot of stomata
Capsules shaped like horn
Stomata on sporophytes
Hornwort
Ecological Importance
- Frequently colonize rock previously
- Play a role in forming soil
*prevent soil erosion - Retain moisture
- Store carbon
Mosses vs. liverworts
Mosses
*leaves spirally arranged
*leaves usually w costa
*Leaves rarely lobed
Liverworts
*Leaves in rows
*Leaves lacking costa
*leaves often lobed
Liverworts vs. Hornworts
Liverworts
*leafy or thalloid
*Apical Region: many chloroplasts
*Capsules spherical to elongate
*Sporophyte lacking stomata
Hornworts
*Thalloid
*Apical Region: single chloroplast
*Capsules elongate horn-like
*Sporophyte with stomata
