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Bot Lec > Plant Morphology and Anatomy > Flashcards

Plant Morphology and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

study of the physical form and external structure of plants

A

Plant morphology or phytomorphology

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2
Q

study of the internal plant structure, mostly at the cellular/ microscopic level

A

Plant anatomy

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3
Q

The shoot system consists of two
portions: _ and _

A

vegetative and reproductive

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4
Q

what consists of the vegetative part?

A

leaves and stems

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5
Q

what consists of reproductive parts?

A

flowers and fruits

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6
Q

supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground.

A

root system

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7
Q

Types of growth in plants

A

indeterminate and determinate

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8
Q

Plant organ grow continuously

A

Indeterminate growth

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9
Q

Organs stop growing after reaching a certain size

A

Determinate growth

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10
Q

Examples of indeterminate growth

A

root and stem

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11
Q

examples of determinate growth

A

leaves, flowers, and fruits

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12
Q

Complete their life cycle in one year or single growing season or few weeks to a few months.

A

annuals

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13
Q

Complete their life cycle in two years-growing, vegetative and storing food in the first year, flowering and fruiting in the second year

A

biennials

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14
Q

Survives for several years. These plants usually bears flowers and fruits every year and do not die after producing flowers

A

perennials

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15
Q

examples of plants have annual cycle

A

sunflowers and corns

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16
Q

examples of plants have biennial cycle

A

carrots and cabagges

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17
Q

examples of plants have perennial cycle

A

roses and mangoes

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18
Q

types of plant body

A

Primary plant body
Secondary plant body

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19
Q

Primary plant body

A

-Derived from shoot and root
apical meristems
-Composed of primary tissues
-Constitutes the herbaceous
parts of a plant
-An herb consists only of a primary plant body.

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20
Q

secondary plant body

A

-Derived from meristems
other than apical meristems
-Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark

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21
Q

derived from shoot and root apical meristems

A

primary plant body

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22
Q

Constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant

A

primary plant body

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23
Q

Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark

A

secondary plant body

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24
Q

Derived from meristems other than apical meristems

A

secondary plant body

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25
Q

an increase in stem and root length

A

primary growth

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26
Q

an increase in the girth of plant

A

secondary growth

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27
Q

what consists of primary growth?

A

xylem
phloem
pith
sclerenchyma

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28
Q

what consists of secondary growth?

A

secondary phloem and xylem
primary phloem and xylem
cork
bark
cortex
epidermis
cork cambium
vascular cambium
pith

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29
Q

The basic structural and functional
unit of plants

A

cell

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30
Q

Different tissue systems form

A

organ

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31
Q

Two or more types of organs form

A

organ system

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32
Q

Organ systems make up an

A

organism

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33
Q

Types of plant tissue systems

A

meristematic tissue and permanent (non-meristematic) tissue

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34
Q

plant regions of continuous cell division and growth.

A

meristems

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35
Q

group of identical cells that are in a
continuous state of division.

A

meristematic tissue

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36
Q

When a meristematic cell divides in
two, the new cell that remains in
the meristem is called an ___, the
other the ___.

A

initial ; derivative

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37
Q

Types of meristematic tissues

A

apical meristem
intercalary meristem
lateral meristem

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38
Q

Apical meristem

A

-A small mitotically active zone of cells found at the shoot tip or root tip
-Primary growth occurs as a result of the activity of apical meristem

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39
Q

Tissues derived from the apical meristems are

A

primary tissues

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40
Q

lateral meristems are known as

A

secondary meristems

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41
Q

lateral meristems are responsible for

A

secondary growth, or increase in stem girth and thickness

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42
Q

Give increase in girth

A

secondary growth

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43
Q

lateral meristems produce

A

secondary vascular tissues

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44
Q

two types of lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium
cork cambium

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45
Q

cylinder of cells that forms new phloem and xylem.

A

vascular cambium

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46
Q

Division of the cells of the vascular cambium adds more cells to the wood (___) and inner bark (___).

A

secondary xylem ; secondary phloem

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47
Q

How can you determine the age of a tree?

A

by counting the number of dark rings

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48
Q

cork cambium

A

outermost lateral meristem

49
Q

what contain in cork cells

A

waxy substance that can repel water

50
Q

The phloem together with the cork cells form

A

bark

51
Q

Periderm

A

cork cambium, cork cells, and phelloderm

52
Q

The cork cambium also produces a layer of cells known as

A

phelloderm

53
Q

The ___ substitutes for the
epidermis in mature plants.

A

periderm

54
Q

what is bark composed of?

A

living inner bark (secondary phloem)
dead outer bark (periderm)

55
Q

location of intercalary meristem

A

between the regions of permanent tissues, usually at the base of node, base of internode or at the base of the leaf

56
Q

consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing

A

permanent tissue

57
Q

A tissue with the cells of similar structure and function

A

simple tissue

58
Q

A tissue that consists of several kinds of cells but all of them function together as a single unit

A

complex tissue

59
Q

Main types of complex tissues

A

dermal and vascular

60
Q

Ground tissue

A

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are part of the ground tissue system. The ground or fundamental tissue system constitutes the main body of the plants

61
Q

Ground tissue composed of

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

62
Q

thin-walled, with large vacuoles, and are usually loosely packed

A

Parenchyma cells

63
Q

Parenchyma cells have ___ primary cell walls

A

thin

64
Q

This is the most common type of cell and tissue, constituting all soft parts of a plant

A

Parenchyma

65
Q

Parenchyma cells are involved in
___, ___, and ___. They also help in ___ ___ and ___ ___.

A

photosynthesis, storage, secretion ; wound healing, tissue regeneration

66
Q

Parenchyma tissue makes up the photosynthetic tissue in

A

leaves, pulp or flesh of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds

67
Q

Leaf parenchyma cells are photosynthetic, have chloroplasts and are called

A

Chlorenchyma

68
Q

a parenchyma tissue found in some species in which some cells are lost to form large gas-spaces.

A

aerenchyma

69
Q

made up of living cells which are similar to parenchyma, but with stronger, unevenly thickened primary cell walls.

A

collenchyma

70
Q

often found as flexible support beneath the epidermis of growing tissues and in many other locations, including stems, leaves and fruits

A

collenchyma cells

71
Q

collenchyma tissue is foud

A

under the epidermis, young stems, petioles, and leaf veins

72
Q

has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified and are often dead at maturity

A

Sclerenchyma

73
Q

a supporting tissue found in organs which have completed lateral growth.

A

sclerenchyma tissue

74
Q

They provide mechanical strength and rigidity to mature parts of the plant.

A

Sclerenchyma tissue

75
Q

Two types of sclerenchyma cells

A

fibers and sclereids

76
Q

flexible and are most often found in areas where strength and elasticity are important

A

fibers

77
Q

short and more or less isodiametric (cuboidal), have strong walls oriented in all three dimensions, brittle and inflexible

A

sclereids

78
Q

sclereids are sometimes known as

A

stone cells

79
Q

plant’s outer protective covering

A

dermal tissue

80
Q

a layer of tightly packed cells

A

epidermis

81
Q

replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

A

periderm

82
Q

a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, helps prevent water loss

A

Cuticle

83
Q

minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called guard cells

A

stomata

84
Q

hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis, reduce water loss and reflect excess light

A

trichomes

85
Q

Stomata are minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called

A

guard cells

86
Q

carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems

A

vascular tissue system

87
Q

greek word “xylos”

A

wood

88
Q

a complex tissue that is mainly responsible for the conduction of water and mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant

A

xylem

89
Q

Earlier formed xylem elements

A

protoxylem

90
Q

formed after the protoxylem

A

metaxylem

91
Q

The conducting cells of the xylem

A

tracheary elements

92
Q

Xylem is made up of four kinds of cells

A

tracheids
vessels or tracheae
xylem fibers
xylem parenchyma

93
Q

___ and ___ ___ are highly specialized for conduction of water and minerals. At maturity, both cell types are dead and therefore hollow; only their cell walls remain.

A

tracheids ; vessel elements

94
Q

xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified

A

tracheids

95
Q

Water moves from one tracheid to another through regions on the side walls known as ___, where ___ ___ are absent

A

pits ; secondary walls

96
Q

chief water conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants

A

tracheids

97
Q

are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids.

A

vessel elements

98
Q

Each vessel element is connected to the next by means of a ___ ___ at the end walls of the element.

A

perforation plate

99
Q

___ ___ possess vessel elements

A

flowering plants

100
Q

The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with the xylem; they give additional mechanical support to the plant body; they are present both in primary and secondary
xylem.

A

xylem fibers

101
Q

The parenchyma cells associated with the xylem

A

xylem parenchyma

102
Q

only living tissue amongst the constituents of xylem

A

xylem parenchyma

103
Q

Conducts food materials to various
parts of the plant.

A

phloem

104
Q

The phloem elements which are formed from the procambium of apical meristem are called

A

primary phloem

105
Q

The phloem elements which are
produced by the vascular cambium
are called

A

secondary phloem

106
Q

Phloem is composed of four kinds of cells

A

sieve-tube elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers

107
Q

They are present both in primary and secondary xylem.

A

Xylem fibers

108
Q

Flowering plants possess ___

A

Vessel elements

109
Q

two types of conducting cells in phloem

A

sieve cells and sieve tube members

110
Q

If the cell is elongate and spindle-shaped (like a tracheid) and has sieve areas distributed over all its surface

A

Sieve cells

111
Q

Stacked end to end with their large sieve areas aligned, forming a sieve tube

A

Sieve tube members

112
Q

The thin-walled, elongated, specialised parenchyma cells,
which are associated with the
sieve elements

A

companion cells

113
Q

Present only in angiosperm, and absent in gymnosperms and pteridophytes

A

companion cells

114
Q

They assist the sieve tubes in the
conduction of food materials.

A

companion cells

115
Q

Support sieve cells in gymnosperms

A

Albuminous cells

116
Q

The parenchyma cells associated with the phloem, which they store starch and fats.

A

Phloem parenchyma

117
Q

They are present in all, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
dicots. In monocots, usually absent.

A

phloem parenchyma

118
Q

The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem

A

Phloem fibers or bast fibers

119
Q

Among the four kinds of phloem elements, they are the only dead tissue. These are the strengthening and supporting cells.

A

Phloem fibers

Bot Lec (10 decks)

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