Plant Morphology and Anatomy Flashcards
study of the physical form and external structure of plants
Plant morphology or phytomorphology
study of the internal plant structure, mostly at the cellular/ microscopic level
Plant anatomy
The shoot system consists of two
portions: _ and _
vegetative and reproductive
what consists of the vegetative part?
leaves and stems
what consists of reproductive parts?
flowers and fruits
supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground.
root system
Types of growth in plants
indeterminate and determinate
Plant organ grow continuously
Indeterminate growth
Organs stop growing after reaching a certain size
Determinate growth
Examples of indeterminate growth
root and stem
examples of determinate growth
leaves, flowers, and fruits
Complete their life cycle in one year or single growing season or few weeks to a few months.
annuals
Complete their life cycle in two years-growing, vegetative and storing food in the first year, flowering and fruiting in the second year
biennials
Survives for several years. These plants usually bears flowers and fruits every year and do not die after producing flowers
perennials
examples of plants have annual cycle
sunflowers and corns
examples of plants have biennial cycle
carrots and cabagges
examples of plants have perennial cycle
roses and mangoes
types of plant body
Primary plant body
Secondary plant body
Primary plant body
-Derived from shoot and root
apical meristems
-Composed of primary tissues
-Constitutes the herbaceous
parts of a plant
-An herb consists only of a primary plant body.
secondary plant body
-Derived from meristems
other than apical meristems
-Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
derived from shoot and root apical meristems
primary plant body
Constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
primary plant body
Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
secondary plant body
Derived from meristems other than apical meristems
secondary plant body
an increase in stem and root length
primary growth
an increase in the girth of plant
secondary growth
what consists of primary growth?
xylem
phloem
pith
sclerenchyma
what consists of secondary growth?
secondary phloem and xylem
primary phloem and xylem
cork
bark
cortex
epidermis
cork cambium
vascular cambium
pith
The basic structural and functional
unit of plants
cell
Different tissue systems form
organ
Two or more types of organs form
organ system
Organ systems make up an
organism
Types of plant tissue systems
meristematic tissue and permanent (non-meristematic) tissue
plant regions of continuous cell division and growth.
meristems
group of identical cells that are in a
continuous state of division.
meristematic tissue
When a meristematic cell divides in
two, the new cell that remains in
the meristem is called an ___, the
other the ___.
initial ; derivative
Types of meristematic tissues
apical meristem
intercalary meristem
lateral meristem
Apical meristem
-A small mitotically active zone of cells found at the shoot tip or root tip
-Primary growth occurs as a result of the activity of apical meristem
Tissues derived from the apical meristems are
primary tissues
lateral meristems are known as
secondary meristems
lateral meristems are responsible for
secondary growth, or increase in stem girth and thickness
Give increase in girth
secondary growth
lateral meristems produce
secondary vascular tissues
two types of lateral meristems
vascular cambium
cork cambium
cylinder of cells that forms new phloem and xylem.
vascular cambium
Division of the cells of the vascular cambium adds more cells to the wood (___) and inner bark (___).
secondary xylem ; secondary phloem
How can you determine the age of a tree?
by counting the number of dark rings
cork cambium
outermost lateral meristem
what contain in cork cells
waxy substance that can repel water
The phloem together with the cork cells form
bark
Periderm
cork cambium, cork cells, and phelloderm
The cork cambium also produces a layer of cells known as
phelloderm
The ___ substitutes for the
epidermis in mature plants.
periderm
what is bark composed of?
living inner bark (secondary phloem)
dead outer bark (periderm)
location of intercalary meristem
between the regions of permanent tissues, usually at the base of node, base of internode or at the base of the leaf
consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing
permanent tissue
A tissue with the cells of similar structure and function
simple tissue
A tissue that consists of several kinds of cells but all of them function together as a single unit
complex tissue
Main types of complex tissues
dermal and vascular
Ground tissue
Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are part of the ground tissue system. The ground or fundamental tissue system constitutes the main body of the plants
Ground tissue composed of
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
thin-walled, with large vacuoles, and are usually loosely packed
Parenchyma cells
Parenchyma cells have ___ primary cell walls
thin
This is the most common type of cell and tissue, constituting all soft parts of a plant
Parenchyma
Parenchyma cells are involved in
___, ___, and ___. They also help in ___ ___ and ___ ___.
photosynthesis, storage, secretion ; wound healing, tissue regeneration
Parenchyma tissue makes up the photosynthetic tissue in
leaves, pulp or flesh of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds
Leaf parenchyma cells are photosynthetic, have chloroplasts and are called
Chlorenchyma
a parenchyma tissue found in some species in which some cells are lost to form large gas-spaces.
aerenchyma
made up of living cells which are similar to parenchyma, but with stronger, unevenly thickened primary cell walls.
collenchyma
often found as flexible support beneath the epidermis of growing tissues and in many other locations, including stems, leaves and fruits
collenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue is foud
under the epidermis, young stems, petioles, and leaf veins
has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified and are often dead at maturity
Sclerenchyma
a supporting tissue found in organs which have completed lateral growth.
sclerenchyma tissue
They provide mechanical strength and rigidity to mature parts of the plant.
Sclerenchyma tissue
Two types of sclerenchyma cells
fibers and sclereids
flexible and are most often found in areas where strength and elasticity are important
fibers
short and more or less isodiametric (cuboidal), have strong walls oriented in all three dimensions, brittle and inflexible
sclereids
sclereids are sometimes known as
stone cells
plant’s outer protective covering
dermal tissue
a layer of tightly packed cells
epidermis
replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
periderm
a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, helps prevent water loss
Cuticle
minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called guard cells
stomata
hairlike outgrowths of the shoot epidermis, reduce water loss and reflect excess light
trichomes
Stomata are minute pores in the epidermis that are surrounded by two cells called
guard cells
carries out long-distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems
vascular tissue system
greek word “xylos”
wood
a complex tissue that is mainly responsible for the conduction of water and mineral salts from roots to other parts of the plant
xylem
Earlier formed xylem elements
protoxylem
formed after the protoxylem
metaxylem
The conducting cells of the xylem
tracheary elements
Xylem is made up of four kinds of cells
tracheids
vessels or tracheae
xylem fibers
xylem parenchyma
___ and ___ ___ are highly specialized for conduction of water and minerals. At maturity, both cell types are dead and therefore hollow; only their cell walls remain.
tracheids ; vessel elements
xylem cells with thick secondary cell walls that are lignified
tracheids
Water moves from one tracheid to another through regions on the side walls known as ___, where ___ ___ are absent
pits ; secondary walls
chief water conducting cells in gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants
tracheids
are xylem cells with thinner walls; they are shorter than tracheids.
vessel elements
Each vessel element is connected to the next by means of a ___ ___ at the end walls of the element.
perforation plate
___ ___ possess vessel elements
flowering plants
The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with the xylem; they give additional mechanical support to the plant body; they are present both in primary and secondary
xylem.
xylem fibers
The parenchyma cells associated with the xylem
xylem parenchyma
only living tissue amongst the constituents of xylem
xylem parenchyma
Conducts food materials to various
parts of the plant.
phloem
The phloem elements which are formed from the procambium of apical meristem are called
primary phloem
The phloem elements which are
produced by the vascular cambium
are called
secondary phloem
Phloem is composed of four kinds of cells
sieve-tube elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma
phloem fibers
They are present both in primary and secondary xylem.
Xylem fibers
Flowering plants possess ___
Vessel elements
two types of conducting cells in phloem
sieve cells and sieve tube members
If the cell is elongate and spindle-shaped (like a tracheid) and has sieve areas distributed over all its surface
Sieve cells
Stacked end to end with their large sieve areas aligned, forming a sieve tube
Sieve tube members
The thin-walled, elongated, specialised parenchyma cells,
which are associated with the
sieve elements
companion cells
Present only in angiosperm, and absent in gymnosperms and pteridophytes
companion cells
They assist the sieve tubes in the
conduction of food materials.
companion cells
Support sieve cells in gymnosperms
Albuminous cells
The parenchyma cells associated with the phloem, which they store starch and fats.
Phloem parenchyma
They are present in all, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
dicots. In monocots, usually absent.
phloem parenchyma
The fibres of sclerenchyma associated with phloem
Phloem fibers or bast fibers
Among the four kinds of phloem elements, they are the only dead tissue. These are the strengthening and supporting cells.
Phloem fibers
