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Bot Lec > Morphoanatomy of Root > Flashcards

Morphoanatomy of Root Flashcards

1
Q

usually an underground part of the
plant

A

root

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2
Q

The root with its branches is known

A

root system

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3
Q

Functions of the roots

A

(1) anchoring the plant firmly to a substrate,
* (2) absorbing water and minerals,
* (3) producing hormones

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4
Q

types of root systems

A

tap root system
fibrous root system

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5
Q

develops from the embryonic root in the seed

A

Tap root system

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6
Q

The roots are adventitious and
develop from stem tissue

A

fibrous root system

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7
Q

has a main root that grows down vertically, and from which many smaller lateral roots arise

A

tap root system

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8
Q

Most ___ have a single prominent ___ that is much larger than all the rest and numerous small ___ ___ or ___ ___ coming out of it

A

dicot ; taproot ; lateral roots ; branch roots

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9
Q

has several to many roots of the same size that develop from the end of the stem, with smaller lateral roots branching off these roots

A

fibrous root system

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10
Q

form in plants in which the embryonic root is short-lived.

A

fibrous root system

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11
Q

The roots originate initially from the base of the embryonic root and
later from stem tissue.

A

fibrous root system

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12
Q

do not arise from preexisting roots but from the stem, they are called adventitious

A

fibrous roots

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13
Q

fibrous roots do not arise from
preexisting roots but from the stem, they are called

A

adventitious

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14
Q

located closer to the soil surface, and forms a dense network of roots
that also helps prevent soil erosion

A

fibrous root system

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15
Q

increase the absorptive and transport capacities of the root system

A

adventitious roots

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16
Q

often extend down into the
soil to obtain water deep underground

A

tap root system

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17
Q

relatively close to the ground surface, are adapted to obtain
rainwater from a larger area as it drains into the soil

A

fibrous root system

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18
Q

The tip of a root is covered
by a thimble-like structure

A

root cap

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19
Q

protects the delicate apical meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during
primary growth

A

root cap

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20
Q

secretes a polysaccharide slime
called mucigel that lubricates the soil around the tip of the root

A

root cap

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21
Q

lubricates the soil around the tip of the root

A

mucigel

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22
Q

what are the zones of cells at successive stages of primary growth

A

zone of cell division
zone of elongation
zone of maturation/differentiation

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23
Q

is closest to the root tip; it is made up of the actively dividing cells of
the root meristem

A

zone of cell division

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24
Q

includes the root apical meristem and its derivatives

A

zone of cell division

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25
Q

New root cells are produced in this
region, including the root cap.

A

zone of cell division

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26
Q

A group of cells between the root cap meristem and the zone of cell division (meristem) of the root is called

A

quiescent center

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27
Q

The cells in this region are also
meristematic, but divide very
slowly

A

quiescent center

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28
Q

can provide new cells for both the root and the root cap meristems as needed

A

quiescent center

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29
Q

the cell division zone of roots is
usually only about

A

1 mm

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30
Q

Typically, about a millimeter behind the tip of the root

A

zone of elongation

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31
Q

pushes the tip farther into the soil

A

zone of elongation

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32
Q

keeps adding cells to the younger
end of the zone of elongation

A

root apical meristem

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33
Q

cells complete their differentiation and become distinct cell types

A

zone of differentiation

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34
Q

a region in which many of the epidermal cells extend out as narrow trichomes

A

root hair zone

35
Q

short-lived tubular extensions of epidermal cells located just behind the growing tip

A

root hairs

36
Q

can form only in a part of the root that is not elongating or they would be shorn off

A

root hairs

37
Q

greatly increase the root’s surface
area

A

root hairs

38
Q

A single layer of protective tissue covers its roots

A

epidermis

39
Q

composed primarily of loosely arranged parenchyma

A

cortex in eudicot root

40
Q

The outermost layer of the stele is a single layer of cells, which is just inside the endodermis

A

pericycle

41
Q

composed of parenchyma cells that remain meristematic, gives rise to lateral roots

A

pericycle

42
Q

the phloem and xylem are in separate alternating strands that in cross section are arranged in a circle, which consists of parenchyma cells

A

pith

43
Q

absorb most of the water that goes
into plants

A

roots

44
Q

thin-walled slender extensions of root epidermal cells that greatly
increase the surface area for absorption

A

root hairs

45
Q

Plants absorb water and dissolved
minerals from the soil with the help of

A

root hairs

46
Q

Water moves into the roots by

A

osmosis

47
Q

The rate of water uptake is regulated by specialised water channels called

A

aquaporins

48
Q

The inner layer of the cortex controls the amounts and kinds of water and dissolved materials that enter the xylem in the root’s center.

A

endodermis

49
Q

Endodermal cells fit snugly against one another, and each cell has a special bandlike region, called

A

casparian strip

50
Q

Casparian strips contain ____, a
fatty material that is waterproof.

A

suberin

51
Q

the continuous system of cell
walls and intercellular air spaces in plant tissues.

A

apoplast

52
Q

Water moves exclusively
through the cell wall without
crossing any membranes.

A

apoplastic pathway

53
Q

is obstructed by the Casparian
strip

A

apoplastic pathway

54
Q

consists of the entire network of
cell cytoplasm interconnected by
plasmodesmata

A

symplast

55
Q

Water travels from one cell to the next via the plasmodesmata

A

symplastic pathway

56
Q

primarily function to store starch and water underground as
reserves for perennial species

A

storage roots

57
Q

examples of storage roots

A

carrots, sweet potatoes, turnips

58
Q

are capable of extensive growth
through the air

A

prop roots

59
Q

examples of prop roots

A

banyan tree

60
Q

adventitious roots that grow from lower stem nodes.

A

stilt roots

61
Q

provide anchorage to the tree
or plant to stand strong in the ground.

A

stilt roots

62
Q

living attached to the branches of trees

A

epiphytic aerial roots

63
Q

Their roots spread along the surface of the bark and often
dangle freely in the air.

A

epiphytic aerial roots

64
Q

The snake·like roots gradually wrap around the host tree

A

strangling aerial roots

65
Q

shallow and concentrated near the
surface

A

buttress roots

66
Q

some roots grow upward until they are above the high-tide level

A

pneumatophores/breathing roots

67
Q

may assist in getting oxygen to
the submerged roots

A

pneumatophores

68
Q

thickened specialized root which is designed to shrink vertically under conditions of seasonal drought

A

contractile roots

69
Q

arise from nodes and helps the
plant in climbing

A

climbing roots

70
Q

arise from leaf

A

foliar roots / Epiphyllous roots

71
Q

roots enter in the stem of host plant to absorbed nutrition from host

A

parasitic roots

72
Q

become green and synthesize
food

A

assimilatory roots

73
Q

The roots of most species of seed
plants (at least 80%) have a symbiotic relationship with soil fungi in which both organisms benefit.

A

mycorrhizae

74
Q

fungal hyphae penetrate between the outermost root cortex cells but never invade the cells themselves

A

ectomycorrhizal relationship

75
Q

fungi with slender, threadlike cells

A

hyphae

76
Q

hyphae penetrate the root cortex as far as the endodermis

A

endomycorrihizal association

77
Q

what type of plant does endomycorrhizal association occurs?

A

herbaceous plant

78
Q

allow plants to draw more
nutrients and water from the soil

A

mycorrhizal fungi

79
Q

They also increase plant tolerance to different environmental stresses.

A

mycorrhizal fungi

80
Q

these fungi play a major role in soil
aggregation process and stimulate microbial activity

A

mycorrhizal fungi

81
Q

In a small number of plants, especially legumes, a symbiotic relationship has evolved with nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus

A

rhizobium

82
Q

The nodules on plant roots contain bacteria capable of absorbing atmospheric nitrogen and converting it to ammonia, which the
plant can use to make amino acids

A

rhizobium/ rhizobial bacteria

83
Q

produce multiple beneficial effects on plant growth stimulation,
host defense against disease and survival under stress

A

rhizobia

84
Q

These chemicals tell every other living thing in the root zone how the
plant is doing.

A

root exudates

Bot Lec (10 decks)

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