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Biology 2 > Plant Growth And Development > Flashcards

Plant Growth And Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Leaves ,flowers and fruits have ______ dimensions .

A

Limited

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2
Q

Development is the sum of 2 processes :_____and____.

A

Growth

Differentiation

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3
Q

The first step in the process of plant growth is _______

A

Seed germination

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4
Q

In the absence of favorable conditions , seeds do not germinate and go into a period of ______ growth .

A

Suspended

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5
Q

____ is regarded as one of the most FUNDAMENTAL and CONSPICUOUS characteristics of a living being .

A

Growth

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6
Q

Growth can be defined as an _____, ______ increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell .

A

Irreversible

Permanent

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7
Q

Generally , growth is accompanied by ___ processes that OCCUR AT THE EXPENSE OF ENERGY .

A

METABOLIC( both catabolic and anabolic)

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8
Q

Expansion of a leaf is growth .T/F

A

T

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9
Q

_____ growth is UNIQUE .why ?

A

Plant

Becoz they retain the capacity for UNLIMITED growth throughout their life .

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10
Q

The ability of plants to grow throughout their life without any limit is due to the presence of ________ at certain locations in their body .

A

Meristems

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11
Q

The cells of meristems have the capacity to _____ and ______ .

A

Divide

Self-perpetuate

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12
Q

The _____ soon loses the capacity to divide and such cells make up the plant body .

A

Product ( of division of meristems )

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13
Q

The form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the plant body by the activity of MERISTEMS is called the __________ FORM OF GROWTH .

A

OPEN FORM OF GROWTH

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14
Q

The shoot and root apical meristem principally contribute to the ______ of plants along their axis .

A

Elongation

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15
Q

In __ and ____ , the LATERAL MERISTEMS appear later in the life

A

Dicots

Gymnos

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16
Q

Growth at CELLULAR LEVEL is principally a consequence of _________ .

A

Inc in the amt of PROTOPLASM

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17
Q

Since inc in _____ is difficult to measure , one generally measures soe quantity which is more or less proportional to it .

A

Protoplasm

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18
Q

What are the diff parameters by which we can measure growth

A

Inc in fresh weight , dry weight , length , area , volume , cell no.

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19
Q

One single ______ an give rise to more than 17500 new cells per hour .

A

Maize root apical meristem

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20
Q

Cells in a ___ may inc in ice by upto 3,50,000 times .

A

Watermelon

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21
Q

In a maize plant , growth is expressed as inc in _________.

A

Cell number

17500 cells are formed per hour

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22
Q

In a watermelon , growth is expressed as inc in ________ .

A

Size of cell

Size inc upto 3,50,000 times

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23
Q

The growth of POLLEN TUBE is measured in terms of _______.

A

It’s length

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24
Q

An inc in _____ denotes growth in a dorsiventral leaf .

A

S.A.

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25
Q

Into how many phases can growth be divided into -

What are they ?

A

3
Meristematic
Elongation
Maturation

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26
Q

In the meristematic phase of growth in shoot and root apex , the cells are rich in ______ , possess _______.

A

Protoplasm

Large conspicuous nuclei

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27
Q

The cells of meristematic zone are cell walls that are ______in nature , ___ and ______ with abundant ______.

A

Primary
Thin
Cellulosic
Plasmodesmata connections

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of the cells in the phase of elongation ?

A

3
Increased vacuolation
Cell enlargement
New cell wall deposition

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29
Q

The cells of which zone attain their MAXIMAL SIZE in terms of WALL THICKENING and protoplasm is modifications ?

A

Phase of maturation

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30
Q

Inc in growth per unit time is -

A

Growth rate

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31
Q

Rate of growth can be expressed _____.

A

Mathematically

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32
Q

The growth rates show an inc that may be __ or ____.

A

Arithmetic

Geometrical

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33
Q

In _____ growth , following mitotic cel division , only 1 DAUGHTER CELL continues to divide while the other DIFFERENTIATE and MATURE .

A

Arithmetic

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34
Q

The simple expression of arithmetic growth can be exemplified by a _____________ at a constant rate .

A

Root elongation

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35
Q

On plotting the lengths of plant organ against time , a _____ curve is obtained .

A

Linear
Arithmetic growth
( height of plant vs time )

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36
Q

Give the expression of arithmetic growth -

A

Lt = Lo +rt

r = growth rate / elongation per unit time

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37
Q

In most systems , the initial growth is ______ and is called _____.

A

Slow
Lag phase
(In geometrical growth )

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38
Q

After lag phase , the growth ____ thereafter -at an ___ rate and this is called ________phase .

A

Rapidly inc
Exponential
Log / exponential phase

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39
Q

Lag and log phase are the same thing .T/F

A

F

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40
Q

Both the progeny cells following mitotic cell division retain the ability to divide and continue to do so , in ________growth

A

Geometrical

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41
Q

In geometrical growth , the nutrient supply is _______.

A

Limited

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42
Q

Due to limited nutrient supply , the growth _____ , leading to __phase

A

Slows

Stationary

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43
Q

If we plot the parameter of growth against time , we get a typical ______ curve . In geometrical growth .

A

Sigmoid

S-curve

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44
Q

What are the phases of geometrical growth serial wise -

A

3
Lag
Log/exponential
Stationary

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45
Q

A____ curve is a characteristic of of living organisms growing in a NATURAL environment .

A

Sigmoid

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46
Q

____ curve is typical for all cells , tissues and organs of a plant .

A

Sigmoid

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47
Q

Give the expression for exponential growth -

A 
Wt = Wo e(rt)
(R= growth rate , e=base of natural logarithm )
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48
Q

In the expression of exponential growth , r is the _____growth rate and is also a measure of the ________.

A

RELATIVE growth rate

Ability of the plants to produce new plant material

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49
Q

The measure of the ability of the plant to produce new plants (r ) in exponential growth is called -

A

Efficiency index =r

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50
Q

The final size of the plant depends on the initial size in which type of growth ?

A

(exponential phase of )Geometrical growth
Wt depend on Wo
(This not happen in arithmetic growth )

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51
Q

Give an example of arithmetic growth -

A

Root elongation at a constant RATE

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52
Q

Quantitative comparisons between the growth of living systems can be made in how many ways ?

A

2

1) by measuring absolute growth rate
2) by measuring relative growth rate

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53
Q

Measurements and comparison of TOTAL GROWTH per unit time is called -

A

Absolute growth rate

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54
Q

The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis e.g., per unit INITIAL parameters is called -

A

Relative growth rate

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55
Q

The ______ of cells helps in EXTENSION growth

A

Turgidity

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56
Q

Plant growth and further development is ultimately linked to te ______of plant .how ?

A

Water status

Turgidity helps in tension growth of cell

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57
Q

In plants , __provides medium for ENZYMATIC activities needed for growth .

A

Water

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58
Q

____helps in releasing metabolic energy essential for growth activities .

A

O2

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59
Q

Nutrients are req by plants for the synthesis of _____ and act as source of ____.

A

Protoplasm

Energy

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60
Q

Every plant organism has an ____range best suited for its growth .

A

Optimum temp

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61
Q

Any deviation from optimum temp range could be _____ to its survival .

A

Detrimental

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62
Q

Environmental signals such as ___ and ____ also affect certain phases /stages of growth .

A

Light

Gravity

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63
Q

The cells derived from root and shoot apical meristems and CAMBIUM differentiate and mature to perform specific functions . This maturation is called -

A

Differentiation

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64
Q

During differentiation,cells undergo few to major structural changes both in their _______ and ____.

A

Cell walls

Protoplasm

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65
Q

During ____ , to form a ______ , the cells would lose their protoplasm .

A

Differentiation

TRACHEARY element

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66
Q

What changes would a TRACHEARY element undergo during differentiation ?

A

1) lose their protoplasm
2) develop a very strong , elastic lignocellulosic secondary cell wall (to carry water to long distances even under extreme tension )

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67
Q

The living ____cells that have lost their capacity to divide , can regain the capacity of division under certain conditions . This phenomenon is called -

A

Differentiated

Dedifferentiation

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68
Q

Give a few examples of dedifferentiation -

A

Formation of meristems - interfascicular cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchymatous cells .

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69
Q

By _____ , such meristems are able to divide and produce cells that once again lose their ability to divide but MATURE TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS . This is called -

A

Dedifferentiation

Redifferentiation

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70
Q

Growth of plants is open i.e., it can be _____ or _____.

A

Determinate

Indeterminate

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71
Q

Even ________ in plants is OPEN becoz the cells arising out of the same meristem have diff structures at maturity .

A

Differentiation

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72
Q

The ____structure at maturity of a cell/tissue is also determined by the ____ of the cell within .

A

Final
Location
(Ex- cells positioned away from root apical meristem differtiate as root cap cells while those pushed to the periphery mature into epidermis )

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73
Q

Cells positioned away from _____ differentiate as root cap cells while those pushed to periphery mature as ______.

A

Root apical meristem

Epidermis

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74
Q

_____is the term that includes all changes that an organism goes through during its life cycle from GERMINATION of seed to SENESENCE .

A

Development

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75
Q

Plants follow diff pathways in response to ____ or _____ to form diff kinds of structures

A

Environment

phases of life

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76
Q

Plants follow diff pathways in response to environmental or phases of life to form diff kinds of structures . This ability is called -

A

Plasticity

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77
Q

Give examples of plasticity -

A

Heterophylly in cotton , coriander ,and LARKSPUR

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78
Q

In cotton , coriander and larkspur (plasticity , heterophylly ) , the leaves of ______ plant are diff in ______ from those of mature plants .

A

Juvenile

Shape

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79
Q

Cotton ,coriander and larkspur show which kind of plasticity ?

A

Plasticity due to phases of life

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80
Q

Give an example of plasticity due to ENVIRONMENT

A

Buttercup ( heterophyllous development due to environment )

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81
Q

The phenomenon of ______ is an example of plasticity .

A

Heterophylly

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82
Q

Diff in SHAPE of leaves produced in ___ and those produced in _____ in ______ represents heterophyllous development due to environment .

A

Air
Water
Buttercup

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83
Q

_____ , ______ and _____ are very closely related terms in the life of a plant .

A

Growth
Differentiation
Development

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84
Q

Development which is the sum of ______ and ______ is under the control of _____and _____factors .

A

Growth
Differentiation
Intrinsic
Extrinsic

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85
Q

The intrinsic factors for the development of plant include-

A

Intracellular - genetic

Intercellular -chemicals such as plant growth regulators

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86
Q

The PGRs are ____ ,______ molecules of ______chemical composition .

A

Small
Simple
Diverse

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87
Q

The PGR which is an indole compound is -

A

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)

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88
Q

PGRs that ADENINE DERIVATVES-

A

N6 - furfurylamino purine

Kinetin

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89
Q

PGRs that are derivatives of CAROTENOIDS -

A

Absisic acid -ABA

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90
Q

PGR that is a TERPENE -

A

Gibberellic acid ,GA3

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91
Q

Plant growth regulators are variously described as _____ , _ or ______ in literature .

A

Plant growth substances
Plant hormones
Phytohormones

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92
Q

The PGRs can be divided into _____ groups based on their ______ in a living plant body .

A

2

Functions

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93
Q

One group of PGRs can be divided into _______activities, such as -

A

Growth promoting

Cell division , cell enlargement , PATTERN FORMATION , TROPICAL GROWTH , Flowering , fruiting and seed formation

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94
Q

Which PGRs fall under growth promoting substances -

A

Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins

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95
Q

The PGRs of which group play an imp role in plant responses to WOUNDS and STRESSES of BIOTIC and ABIOTIC origin .

A

Growth inhibiting

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96
Q

The growth inhibiting activities that PGRs are involved in are ____and ______ .

A

Dormancy

Abscission

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97
Q

The gaseous PGR ethylene would fit in which group of PGRs ?

A

It can fit in either grp

But is largely an INHIBITOR of growth activities

98
Q

The discovery of PGRs started with the observation of ______ and his son ______ when they observed that the _____of _____ responded to phototropism .

A

Charles Darwin
Francis Darwin
COLEOPTILES
CANARY GRASS

99
Q

What did Darwin and his son observe ?

A

That the coleoptiles of canary grass responded to UNILATERAL ILLUMINATION by growing towards light source (phototropism )

100
Q

After a series of experiments performed by Darwin and his son , it was concluded that the ____ of coleoptile was the site of _____that caused the bending of ENTIRE coleoptile .

A

Tip

Transmittable influence

101
Q

Auxin was isolated by _______ from ____ of ________.

A

FW Went
Tips of coleoptiles
Oat seedlings

102
Q

The ______ disease of RICE SEEDLING was caused by a ____pathogen .

A

Bakanae ( foolish seedling )

Fungal

103
Q

What was the name of the fungal pathogen that caused disease in rice seedling ?

A

Gibberella fujikuroi

104
Q

_____ in the year ______ reported the appearance of symptoms of the disease in RICE SEEDLINGS when they were treated with sterile filtrates of the ______

A

E . Kurosawa
1926
Fungus

105
Q

The active substance discovered by E . Kurosawa was -

A

Gibberellic acid

106
Q

_____and his co-workers observed that from the ______ of TOBACCO stems the CALLUS proliferated only if , in addition to auxin , the nutrient medium was supplemented with something else .

A

F.skoog

Internodal segments

107
Q

F. Skoog and his co-workers used _____segments of ____plant to show that the callus proliferated only if , in addition to _____, the nutrient medium was supplemented with one of the following : ______ , _______ , ______ or ________ .

A 
Internodal
Tobacco 
Auxin
Extracts of vascular tissues 
Yeast extract 
Coconut milk 
DNA
108
Q

________ in the year _____ identified and CRYSTALLISED the CYTOKINESIS promoting active substance that they termed _____.

A

Miller et al .
1955
Kinetin

109
Q

What were the natural things in which the cytokinesis promoting active substance was found by F. Skoog ?

A

Extracts of vascular tissues
Yeast extract
Coconut milk
DNA

110
Q

During ______ , 3 independent researchers reported the purification and chemical characterisation of 3 diff diff kinds of _____ .

A

Mid-1960s

Inhibitors

111
Q

What were the 3 diff inhibitors discovered during the mid-1960s . Were they identical ?

A

Inhibitor -B
Abscission-II
dormin
They were identical and were named ABSCISIC ACID (ABA)

112
Q

_______ in the tear _____ conformed the release of a volatile substance from ______ .

A

H. H. Cousins
1910
Ripened oranges 🍊

113
Q

H. H. Cousins confirmed the release of a _____substance from _____ that hastened the RIPENING of stored______ .

A

Volatile
Ripened oranges
Unripened bananas

114
Q

H. H. Cousins discovered _____

A

Ethylene

115
Q

Auxin comes from a Greek word , meaning ____

A

to Grow

116
Q

Auxin was first isolated from ______.

A

Human urine

117
Q

Auxins are produced by the _____ from where they migrate to ____

A

Growing apices of the stems and roots

Regions of their action

118
Q

Auxins like ____and ____have been isolated from PLANTS .

A

IAA-indole-3-acetic acid

IBA-indole butyric acid

119
Q

Name 2 synthetic auxins -

A

NAA- naphthalene acetic acid

2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic)

120
Q

Which auxins have been used extensively in agricultural and horticultural practices ?

A

All these
Maybe natural or synthetic both
OR -maybe just synthetic -NAA and 2,4-D

121
Q

Give the functions of auxins -

A

1)Help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings
2)Promote flowering -in pineapples 🍍
3)Prevent fruit 🍇 and leaf 🍂 drop at early stages
4)Promotes absiccion of older mature leaves 🍁 and fruits 🍈
5)Induce parthenocarpy in tomatoes 🍅
6)Used as herbicides (2,4-D)to kill dicot weeds (doesn’t affect monocots )
7)Controls xylem differentiation and helps in cell division
Promotes apical dominance

122
Q

There are more than ____ gibberellins reported from widely diff organisms such as ____ and _____ .

A

100
Fungi
Higher plants

123
Q

_____was the 1st gibberellin to be discovered and remains the MOST INTENSIVELY STUDIED FORM )

A

GA3 ( gibberllic acid)

124
Q

All GAs are ______.

A

Acidic

125
Q

GAs produce a wide range of ___Responses in plants .

A

Physiological

126
Q

Which ability of GAs is used to inc the length of grape 🍇 stalks ?

A

Their ability to cause an inc in the length of axis

127
Q

GAs cause fruits like ___ to elongate and improve is _____.

A

Apple 🍎 🍏

Shape

128
Q

GAs delay senescence .T/F

A

T

129
Q

GAs are used to speed up _____ in BREWING INDUSTRY .

A

Malting process

130
Q

____ store carbs as sugars in their stems .

A

Sugarcane

131
Q

By spraying sugarcane with GAs , what happens ?

A

It inc the length of the stem , thus inc the yield by as much as 20 tonnes per acre

132
Q

Fruits can be left on trees longer to extend their market period by used -

A

GAs

133
Q

How much yield is inc by using GAs in sugarcane ?

A

20 tonnes per acre

134
Q

Spraying ____ with GAs hastens the maturity period , thus leading to early _________.

A

Juvenile conifers

Seed production

135
Q

GAs promote ___ and ___ just prior to flowering .

A

Bolting

Internode elongation

136
Q

GAs promote bolting and internode elongation just prior to ______ in. __ , ____ and many _______

A

Flowering
Beet
Cabbages 🥬
Many plants with ROSETTE HABIT

137
Q

______ help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings , an application widely used for plant propagation .

A

Auxins

138
Q

___ prevent fruit fall at early stages but promote a abscission of older mature leaves and fruits .

A

Auxin

139
Q

____promote flowering . Give an example .

A

Auxins

In pineapples 🍍

140
Q

In most higher plants ,the growing apical bud inhibits the growth of _______ buds . This is called apical dominance .

A

Lateral /axillary

Promoted by auxins

141
Q

Removal of _____usually results in the growth of lateral buds .

A

Shoot tips / decapitation

142
Q

The phenomenon of decapitation is widely used in ______ and _____.

A

Tea ☕️ plantations

Hedge making

143
Q

______induce parthenocarpy in ____ .

A

Auxins

Tomatoes 🍅

144
Q

State all the functions of GAs -

A

1) Cause apples 🍎 to elongate and improve their shape
2) Used to inc the length of GRAPE 🍇 stalks
3) Delay senescence
4) Speed up malting process in brewing industry
5) Extend the market period of fruits 🍈
6) Inc the length of sugarcane stem to inc the yield by 20 tonnes per acre
7) Early seed production in juvenile conifers
8) Bolting and internode elongation in beet, cabbages ,and many plants with rosette 🏵 habit .

145
Q

Cytokinins have specific effect on _______and were discovered as____.

A

Cytokinesis

Kinetin

146
Q

Cytokinins were discovered from KINETIN -a modified form of _____ from the _________.

A

Adenine , a purine

Autoclaved herring sperm DNA 🧬

147
Q

Kinetin occurs naturally in plants .T/F

A

F

KINETIN DOES NOT OCCUR NATURALLY IN PLANTS

148
Q

Search for natural substances with cytokinins-like activities led to the isolation of _____ from ____and _____.

A

ZEATIN
Corn 🌽 kernels
Coconut 🥥 milk 🥛

149
Q

Since the discovery of ______several naturally occurring cytokinins and some synthetic compounds with cell division promoting activity have been identified .

A

ZEATIN

150
Q

Natural cytokinins are synthesised in regions where _______ occurs . For ex _____,_____ and _____

A

Rapid cell division
Root apices
Developing shoot buds
Young fruits

151
Q

_____are widely used as herbicides .give examples

A

Auxins

2,4-D

152
Q

2,4-D widely used to kill ___ weeds does not affect mature ___plants .

A

Dicot

Monocot

153
Q

Auxins are used to prepare ____lawns by gardeners .

A

Weed free

154
Q

Auxins control XYLEM _____and helps in ______.

A

Differentiation

Cell division

155
Q

___ delay senescence .

A

GAs

156
Q

_____helps to produce new leaves and chloroplast in leaves .

A

Cytokinins

157
Q

Cytokinins ___shoot growth and ____ shoot formation .

A

Lateral shoot -growth

Adventitious shoot -formation

158
Q

Cytokinins help overcome _______.

A

Apical dominance

159
Q

_______ promote nutrient MOBILISATION helps in delay of leaf senescence .

A

Cytokinins

160
Q

Which PGRs help to delay senesce -

A

GA
Cytokinins
(Auxins also -sometimes )

161
Q

State all the functions of cytokinins -

A

1) produce new leaves , chloroplast in leaves ,lateral shoot growth and adventitious shoot formation .
2) overcome apical dominance
3) promote nutrient mobilisation
4) delay leaf senescence

162
Q

_____is a simple gaseous PGR .

A

Ethylene

163
Q

Ethylene is synthesised in large amounts by tissues undergoing ______ and _______.

A

Senescence

Ripening fruits

164
Q

Influences of ethylene on plants include -

A

3
Horizontal growth of seedlings
Swelling of the axis
Apical hook formation in dicot seedlings

165
Q

Ethylene promotes _____ and ______ of plant organs especially of leaves and flowers .

A

Senescence

Abscission

166
Q

Ethylene is highly effective for _____ .

A

Fruit ripening

167
Q

Ethylene enhances _____ during ripening of the fruits .

A

Respiration rates

Respiratory climatic

168
Q

The rise in rate of respiration is called ____ (by ethylene ).

A

Respiratory climatic

169
Q

Ethylene breaks ___and _____ dormancy .

A

Seed

Bud

170
Q

Ethylene initiates GERMINATION in ________ and initiates SPROUTING of ______ .

A

Peanut seeds

Potato tubers

171
Q

Ethylene promotes ________ in DEEP WATER RICE PLANTS .

A

Rapid internode /petiole elongation

172
Q

Ethylene promotes rapid internode /petiole elongation in _____ plants . What is its significance ?

A

Deep water rice plants

It helps leaves /upper parts of the shoot to remain above water

173
Q

____ promotes root growth and root hair formation , thus helping the plants to INC their ABSORPTION SURFACE .

A

Ethylene

174
Q

Ethylene is used to initiate ______ and for ________ fruit-set in _____.

A

Flowering
Synchronising
Pineapples

175
Q

____ induces flowering in MANGO .

A

Ethylene

176
Q

Which is the most widely used PGR in AGRICULTURE . Why ?

A

Ethylene

Becoz it regulates so many physiological processes .

177
Q

The most widely used compound as a source of ethylene is -

A

Ethephon

178
Q

_____ in an ________ solution is READILY ABSORBED AND TRANSPORTED WITHIN THE PLANT AND RELEASES ETHYLENE SLOWLY .

A

Ethephon

Aqueous

179
Q

Ethephon accelerates fruit ripening in ____and ______ .

A

Tomatoes 🍅

Apples 🍏

180
Q

Ethephon accelerates ___ in flowers and fruits .( thinning of cotton , cherry and walnut )

A

Abscission

181
Q

Thinning of ___,____and_____ is caused by ethephon ( ethylene)

A

Cotton
Cherry
Walnut

182
Q

Ethephon promotes _____ flowers in CUCUMBER 🥒,thereby increasing the yield .

A

Female

183
Q

ABSCISIC acid was discovered for its role in regulating _____and ____ .

A

Abscission

Dormancy

184
Q

Like other PGRs , ABA also has other wide ranging effects on plant growth and development .T/F

A

T

185
Q

ABA acts as a general ______ inhibitor and an inhibitor of plant ______.

A

Plant growth

Metabolism

186
Q

ABA inhibits seed _______ .

A

Germination

187
Q

ABA stimulates the ___ of stomata and increases the ___of plants to various kinds of _______.

A

Closure
Tolerance
Stresses

188
Q

ABA is also called ________ .

A

Stress hormone

189
Q

ABA plays an imp role in seed ___ ,____ and ______.

A

Development ,
Maturation
Dormancy

190
Q

By inducing dormancy , ABA helps seeds to withstand _______ and other factors unfavourable for ______.

A

Desiccation

Growth

191
Q

ABA acts as an antagonist to _____.

A

GAs

192
Q

The roles of diff PGRs could be_____ or ___. They could be ____ or ____.

A

Complimentary
Antagonistic
Individual
Synergistic

193
Q

Give some examples of the events in plants where more than 1 PGR interact to affect that event -

A

1) dormancy in seed /buds
2) abscission
3) senescence
4) apical dominance

194
Q

The role of PGR is only one kind of ______ control .

A

Intrinsic

195
Q

Along with ____ control and __ factors , PGRs play an imp role in plant growth and development

A

Genomic

Extrinsic

196
Q

Many of the extrinsic factors such as ___ and _____ , control plant growth and development via PGRs .

A

Temp

Light

197
Q

Some plants require a _____ exposure to light to induce flowering .

A

Periodic

198
Q

Plants that require periodic exposure to light to induce flowering are able to __________________.

A

Measure the duration of exposure to light

199
Q

Long day plants require expire to light for a period ____ a well defined _____.

A

Exceeding (above)

Critical

200
Q

Short day plants must be exposed for a period ___ the critical period .

A

Less than(Below)

201
Q

The cortical duration is same for all plants .T/F

A

F

It is diff for all

202
Q

When there is no such correlation btw exposure to light duration and induction of flowering , such plants are called -

A

Day-neutral plants

203
Q

Not only the duration of light period , but also of the ______ is of ______.

A

Dark

Equal imp

204
Q

It can be said that flowering in certain plants not only depends on a _____ of light and dark explores but also their ________ .

A

Combinations

Relative durations

205
Q

The response of plants to periods of day /nigh is termed -

A

Photoperiodism

206
Q

While shoot apices modify themselves into flowering=g apices proir to flowering , they (shoot apices ) themselves can perceive photoperiods .T/F

A

F

207
Q

The site of perception of light /dark duration are the ______.

A

Leaves

208
Q

It has been hypothesised that there is a ___ substance responsible for flowering .

A

Hormonal

209
Q

The HORMONAL substance migrates from __ to ____ for induction of flowering only when the plants are exposed to the necessary _______.

A

Leaves
Shoot apices
Inductive photoperiod

210
Q

There are plants for which flowering is either ____ or ____ dependent on exposure to ____ temp .

A

Quantitatively
Qualitatively
Low

211
Q

What is vernalisation ?

A

Flowering dependent on exposure to low temp

212
Q

___ prevents precocious reproductive development late in the growing season and enables the plant to have sufficient time t reach maturity .

A

Vernalisation

213
Q

Extrinsic factors control plant development via PGRs of which events ?

A 
Vernalisation
Flowering 
Dormancy 
Seed germination 
Plant movements
214
Q

\vernalisation refers specially to the promotion of ______ by a period of _____.

A

Flowering

Low temp

215
Q

Food plants that have 2 kinds of varieties . Names -

A

Wheat
Barley
Rye

216
Q

Wheat barley and rye have which 2 varieties ?

A

Winter variety

Spring variety

217
Q

Spring varieties are normally PLANTED in _______ and come to flower and produce grain before the ______.

A

Spring

(Before) End of the growing season

218
Q

_____ varieties if planted in spring would fail to flower or produce mature grain within a span of a flowering season .

A

Winter

219
Q

Winter varieties are planted in _____.

A

Autumn

220
Q

Winter varieties planted in winter ,GERMINATE and over ______ come out as small seedlings , resume growth in _____ and are HARVESTED IN _____.

A

Winter
Spring
Around mid-summer

221
Q

Winter varieties are harvested in ___ .

A

Around mid-summer

222
Q

Winter varieties resume growth in spring .T/F

A

T

223
Q

When do winter varieties germinate ?

A

Over winter

224
Q

Another example of vernalisation is seen in______.

A

Biennial plants

225
Q

Biennials are ________ plants that normally flower and ____ in the ____ season .

A

Monocarpic
Die
Second

226
Q

Give a few examples of biennials -

A

Sugar beet
Cabbage 🥬
Carrots 🥕

227
Q

Subjecting the growing of a biennial plant to a _____ treatment stimulates a subsequent _______ response .

A

Cold

Photoperiodic flowering

228
Q

_____ are monocarpic plants that flower and die in the ______.

A

Biennials

2nd season

229
Q

There are certain seeds that fail to _____ even when external conditions are available .why ?

A

Germinate

Becoz dormancy doesn’t depend on external conditions

230
Q

Seeds that fail to germinate even when EXTERNAL conditions are called ________ which is controlled not by ______ but are under _______control or conditions ______ the seed itself .

A

Dormant
External environment
Endogenous
Within

231
Q

State some reasons which cause seed dormancy -

A

1) impermeable and hard seed coat
2) presence of chemical inhibitors such as ABA , phenolic acids , para ascorbic acid
3) immature embryos

232
Q

Name some chemical inhibitors which causes seed dormancy -

A

ABSCISIC acids (ABA )
Phenolic acids
Para-ascorbic acid

233
Q

Dormancy can be overcome through _____ means and various other ____ measures .

A

Natural

Man-made

234
Q

Seed coat barrier in some seeds can be broken by ______ using ____, ____or _____.

A

Mechanical abrasions
Knives
Sandpaper
Vigorous shaking

235
Q

In nature , the seed coat can be broken by ABRASIONS caused by _____ and _____.

A

Microbial action

Passage through digestive tract of animals

236
Q

Effect of inhibitory substances (causing seed dormancy ) can be removed by subjecting the seeds to _______ or by application of certain _______.

A

Chilling conditions

Chemicals (GA or nitrates )

237
Q

Changing the environmental conditions such as ____ and ___ are othermethos to overcome seed dormancy .

A

Light

Temp

238
Q

The effect of inhibitory substances ( causing seed dormancy ) can be removed by the application of which chemicals ?

A

Gibberellic acid

Nitrates

239
Q

State the functions of ethylene -

A

1) Promotes senescence and abscission of plant organs(leaves and flowers )
2) fruit ripening
3) enhances respiration rates during fruit ripening
4) breaks seed and bud dormancy
5) initiates germination in peanut seeds
6) initiates sprouting of potato tubers
7) promotes rapid internode/petiole elongation in deep water rice plants
8) promotes root growth and root hair formation(inc SA )
9) initiates flowering and synchronising fruit set in pineapples
10) induces flowering in mango
11) hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples
12) accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits (thinning of cotton,cherry ,walnut)
13) promotes female flowers in cucumber , inc the yield .

240
Q

What all fruits does ethylene affect ?

A 
Pineapple
Apple
Mango
Tomatoes
Cucumber
Rice plants
Cotton, cherry ,walnut

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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