Biomolecules Flashcards
1
Q
To perform chemical analysis of any living tissue , we take any tissue ( a vegetable or a piece of liver ) and grind it in ______________ .
A
Trichloroacetic acid
2
Q
When we strain the tissue-trichloroacetic acid mixture through a cheesecloth , the FILTRATE obtained is called the ______fraction and the RETENTATE is called __________ fraction .
A
Acid soluble
Acid insoluble
3
Q
Scientists have found thousands of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS in the ________ fraction .
A
Acid-soluble
4
Q
All the CARBON compounds that we get from living tissues can be called ____________.
A
Biomolecules
5
Q
The procedure to analyse inorganic compounds in living organisms -
A
1 . Weigh a small amount of living tissue ( liver , vegetable )which is the wet weight and dry it.
2 . All the water evaporates . the remaining tissue gives DRY WEIGHT .
3 . Now , burn the tissues . All the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form ( CO2 and water vapour ) and are removed .
4 . Remaining part is called ASH - inorganic compounds .
6
Q
The remaining part left when the tissues are fully burnt and all carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form and removed is called -
A
Ash
7
Q
Ash contains ________ compounds like _____ and _______ .
A
Inorganic
Calcium
Magnesium
8
Q
Inorganic compounds like ____ and _______ are also seen in the acid - SOLUBLE fraction .
A
Sulphate
Phosphate
9
Q
Elemental analysis gives elemental composition of living tissues in the form of _____,____ , ______ and ______ .
while analysis for compounds gives an idea of the kind of _______ and ______ constituents .
A
H , O ,C ,Cl
Organic
Inorganic
10
Q
Amino acids are organic/ inorganic compounds .
A
Organic
Therefore found in acid- soluble fraction
11
Q
Amino acids contain an ____ and ______ group as SUBSTITUENTS on the same C .
A
Amino
Acidic
12
Q
Why are amino acids also called alpha-amino acids ?
A
Because the substituents are present on the same C - atom i.e alpha - C atom .
13
Q
Amin acids are SUBSTITUTED _______ .
A
Methanes
14
Q
How many substituent groups are there in amino acids occupying the 4 valency positions ?
A
4 H Carboxyl grp Amino grp Variable grp= R
15
Q
Based on the nature of ______ group , there are many amino acids .
A
R
16
Q
Amino acids which occur in PROTEINS are only of _______ types .
A
20
17
Q
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is H , the amino acid is called -
A
Glycine
18
Q
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is a METHYL GROUP , the amino acid is called -
A
Alanine
19
Q
When the R group in the proteinaceous amino acid is HYDROXY METHYL ( CH2-OH ) , the amino acid is called -
A
Serine
20
Q
Based on the number of _________ and ____ groups , amino acids are acidic , basic and neutral .
A
Amino
Carboxyl
21
Q
Name 3 aromatic amino acids -
A
Tyrosine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
22
Q
Name a neutral amino acid -
A
Valine
23
Q
Name an acidic amino acid -
A
Glutamic acid
24
Q
Name a basic amino acid -
A
Lysine
25
A particular property of amino acids is the _________ nature of mine and carboxyl groups .
Ionisable
26
In solutions of different _____ , the STRUCTURE of amino acid changes .
pH
27
Why does the structure of amino acids change in solutions of different pH ?
Because of the ionisable nature of NH2- and COOH- groups
28
Lipids are generally water _______ insoluble/soluble .
Insoluble ( or acid - insoluble )
29
_______ could be simple fatty acids .
Lipids
30
A fatty acid has a ______ group attached to an R group .
Carboxyl
31
The R group in a fatty acid could be a ______ , ______ or _______ .
-CH3
-C2H5
Or higher number of -CH2 groups ( 1C to 19C)
32
The R group attached to the carboxyl group in a fatty acid can have how many maximum number of C atoms .
19
| 1 to 19
33
Arachidonic acid is a ________ .
Fatty acid
34
Arachidonic acid has _____ C atoms including the carboxyl atom .
20
| 19 (max) in R grp and 1 in carboxyl
35
Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated . T/F
T
36
Fatty acids could be unsaturated with ______ bond .
Double =
| Triple bond not found
37
Glycerol is a ________ .
Simple lipid
38
Another name for GLYCEROL -
Trihydroxy propane
39
Many _______ can have both glycerol and fatty acids .
Lipids
40
When a lipid contains both glycerol and fatty acids , then ______ is found ESTERIFIED with _______ .
Fatty acids are found esterified with glycerol .
41
______ could be MONOGLYCERIDES ,DIGLYCERIDES and TRIGLYCERIDES.
LIPIDS
42
Lipids can be called FATS and OILS based on _________ .
Melting point
43
Out of fats and oils , which one has LOWER MELTING POINT ?
Oils
44
Why do oils remain oils in winter ? Give example .
Because they have a very low M.P
| Ex - gingelly oil
45
Lipids which have _____ and a ________ in them are called PHOSPHOLIPIDS .
Phosphorous
| Phosphorylated organic compound
46
PHOSPHOLIPIDS are found in _______ .
Cell membrane
47
LECITHIN is an example of -
A phospholipid found in cell membranes.
48
_______ tissues have lipids with more complex structures .
Neural
49
Fats and oils are a type of -
Lipid
50
A phospholipid found in the cell membranes -
Lecithin
51
Living organisms have a number of carbon compounds in which _______ rings can be found .
Heterocyclic
52
An example of a C compound in which heterocyclic rings are found .
Nitrogenous bases
53
When ______ are attached to _______ , the structure is called a NUCLEOSIDE .
Nitrogen base
| Sugar
54
If a phosphate group is found _______ to SUGAR , they are called NUCLEOTIDES .
ESTERIFIED
55
Uridine , cytidine , adenosine are __________.
Nucleosides
56
Uridylic acid , guanylic acid and adenylic acid are -
Nucleotides
57
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA consist of ________nucleotide/nucleoside .
Only nucleotide
58
When fatty acids are found ESTERIFIED with glycerol ,the compound is called -
Monoglyceride , diglyceride or triglyceride depending on the number of FATTY ACIDS ( 1 , 2 and 3 fatty acids resp.)
59
Cholesterol is an example of -
Lipid
60
Palmitic acid is a -
Fatty acid
61
Primary metabolites lites are found in -
Animals
62
Secondary metabolites are found in -
Plant , fungal and microbial cells
63
Toxins are ________ metabolites .
Secondary
64
Name 2 toxins -
Abrin
| Ricin
65
Concanavalin A is an example of _________ which is a ______ metabolite .
LECTINS( not lecithin )
| Secondary
66
CURCUMIN comes under which category of secondary metabolites ?
Drugs
67
Name 2 drugs .
Vinblastin
| CURCUMIN
68
Gums , cellulose and rubber are _______ metabolites .
Secondary
| Polymeric substances
69
Diterpenes or monoterpenes are -
Terpenoids - sec metabolites
70
Codeine is an -
Alkaloid - secon metabolite
71
Lemon grass oil is an _________ oil .
Essenial - sec metabolite
72
Name 2 alkaloids -
Morphine
| Codeine
73
Name a water soluble pigment which is a secondary metabolite .
Anthocyanin
74
Name 1 feature which is common to all compounds found in ACID SOLUBLE POOL. .
Their MOLECULAR WEIGHTS range from 18 to 800 Da .
75
How many ORGANIC compounds are found in ACID INSOLUBLE fraction ?
```
Only 4
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Lipids
```
76
Lipids are organic/inorganic compounds found in acid soluble / insoluble fraction .
Organic
| Insoluble
77
The molecular weight of acid - soluble pool compounds -
18 -800 Da
( acid soluble pool generally includes organic compounds , but there are some organic compounds (4) which are acid -insoluble )
78
Molecular weight of ORGANIC compounds which are acid -insoluble pool compounds -
10,000 Da (range ) or above
| Exception -lipid
79
On what basis and for what reason are biomolecules divided into 2 - micro and macro molecules ?
On the basis of molecular weights and acid solubility or insolubility
Because except lipid , acid insoluble organic compounds have molecular weights in the range 10,000 or above .
80
Biomolecules having weight less than _______ Da are called MICROMOLECULES .
1000
81
Biomolecules having weight ______ and are found in acid _______ fraction are called MACROMOLECULES or BIOMACROMOLECULES .
>1000 Da
| Insoluble
82
MICROMOLECULES are also simply called ________ and they come under acid _______ ruction .
Biomolecules
| Soluble ( <1000 Da (18-800Da)
83
Molecules in the acid _______ fraction are POLYMERIC substances .
Insoluble
| Exception - lipids
84
The molecular weight of lipids does not exceed _______ BUT they come under acid _____ fraction .
800 Da
| Insoluble = macromolecules
85
Lipids are polymeric / non-polymeric ?
Non - polymeric
| They are exceptions to the respective category
86
Why do lipids come under macromolecule fraction when thei weight does not exceed 800 Da ?
Lipids are small weight compounds and are present not only as such but also arranged in structures like cell membrane and other membranes . When we grind a tissue , cell membranes get broken into pieces and form vesicles which are NOT ACID SOLUBLE . Therefore , these fragments get separated along with the ACID INSOLUBLE pool and hence in the MACROMOLECULAR fraction
87
When we grind a tissue , we are disrupting the _________ .
Cell structure - cell membranes are broken
88
Lipids are not strictly -
Macromolecules
89
The acid ______ pool represents roughly the CYTOPLASMIC composition .
Soluble
90
The _____________from cytoplasm and organelles become the ACID INSOLUBLE fraction .
Macromolecules
91
________ is the most abundant chemical in living organisms .
Water
92
Name all the components of cell according to their % of TOTAL CELLULAR MASS .
Water (70-90%). > proteins (10-15%). > Nucleic acids (5-7%). >. Carbohydrates (3%). > lipids ( 2%). > ions (1%)
93
Proteins comprise ______ % of the total cellular mass .
10-15
94
Nucleic acids comprise _______ % of the total cellular mass .
5-7
95
A protein which is an intercellular ground substance -
Collagen
96
Insulin comes under which category of PROTEINS .
Hormone
97
Antibodies are ______ .
Proteins
98
A PROTEIN which enables GLUCOSE transport to cells .
GLUT-4
99
Proteins are _________.
Polypeptides
100
Proteins are linear chains of amino acids linked with ________ bonds .
Peptide
101
Protein is a hetero/homopolymer -
Hetero polymer
102
Why is protein a heteropolymer ?
Because there are 20 amino acids and each protein is a polymer of amino acids .
103
_________are a source of ESSENTIAL amino acids .
Dietary proteins
104
Amino acids which our body can make are called -
Non -essential aa
105
________ amino acids are supplied through diet .
Essential
106
Protein / amino acids can be essential or non-essential -
Amino acids
107
_______ perform many unctions in our body such as transport nutrients , fight infections , some are hormones and some enzymes .
Proteins
108
_________ is the most abundant protein in ANIMAL 🦒 world 🌎.
Collagen
109
________ is the most abundant protein the whole of the BIOSPHERE .
RuBisCo
| Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
110
POLYSACCHARIDES come under acid _______ pool .
Insoluble - macromolecules
111
They are threads 🧵 containing different monosaccharides as building blocks .
Polysaccharides-carbohydrates
112
Cellulose is a homo / hetero polymer .
Homopolymer - polymeric substance having only one type of monosaccharide .
113
The monosaccharide which makes up cellulose ( polysaccharide ) .
Glucose
114
Cellulose is a ________ . Glucose is a ________ .
| Polysaccharide/monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
| Monosaccharide
115
_________ is a variant of cellulose but present as a storehouse of energy in plants .
Starch
116
———- is a polymer of FRUCTOSE .
INULIN
117
In a polysaccharide chain right end is called the _____ end and left end is called the ________ end .
Reducing
| Non-reducing
118
STARCH forms ___________ structures .
Helical secondary
119
starch can hold ____ in the helical portion .
I2 - iodine
120
The starch -I2 is _______ in colour .
Blue
121
_________ does not contain helical secondary structure and hence cannot hold I2 .
Cellulose
| Only starch can
122
Exoskeleton of Arthropoda have a COMPLEX polysaccharide called -
Chitin
123
The complex polysaccharides (such as those found in the exoskeleton of Arthropoda ) are mostly ________ ( hetero / homopolymer )
Homopolymers
124
Glucosamine is a ________ .
Chemically modified SUGAR
125
Name 2 chemically modified sugars found in complex polysaccharides .
Glucosamine
| N-acetyl glucosamine
126
Complex polysaccharides have _____ , ______ and _______ .
Building blocks
Amino-sugars
chemically , modified sugars
127
Nucleic acids are found in the acid ______ fraction .
Insoluble - macromolecules
128
Nucleic acids are -__________ .
Polynucleotides
129
Together with ______ and _______ , nucleic acids ( POLYNUCLEOTIDES ) comprise the true MACROMOLECULAR fraction .
Polysaccharides
| Polypeptides
130
For nucleic acids , the building block is -
Nucleotide
131
A nucleotide has how many components ?
3
A heterocyclic ring - nitrogen base
A monosaccharide
A phosphoric acid or phosphate
132
Adenine an guanine are substituted ______ while the rest are substituted ______ .
Purines
| Pyrimidines
133
The sugar found in polynucleotides is either a ______ or a ______ .
Ribose(monosaccharide PENTOSE )
| 2’ deoxyribose
134
Biologists describe the protein structure at _____ levels .
4
135
The sequence of amino acids ( POSITIONAL INFORMATION ) for example which one is 1st , which 2nd etc is called ________ structure .
Primary
136
The ______ end of protein chain is represented by the 1st amino acid and the ______ end represented by the last amino acid .
Left
| Right
137
In a protein chain , the 1st amino acid is also called the ________ amino acid while the last amino acid is called the ________ amino acid .
N-terminal (left )
| C-terminal (right)
138
The protein thread 🧵 is folded in the form of a helix . Other regions of the thread are folded into other forms like beta -pleated sheet . All this is called ______ structure .
Secondary
139
In addition (to foldings such as alpha-helix and beta -pleated sheet ) , THE LONG PROTEIN CHAIN IS ALSO FOLDED UPON ITSELF like a wooden ball . This is called _______ structure .
Tertiary
140
In proteins , only _______ helixes are observed .
Right-handed
141
Tertiary structure of proteins is represented by additional ________ bonds .
disultide
142
______ bonds are present in secondary structure of proteins .
Hydrogen
143
________ structure is absolutely necessary for the many biological activities of proteins .
Tertiary
144
The manner in which individual folded polypeptides or subunits are arranged with respect to each other is the ARCHITECTURE of protein , otherwise called the ________ structure of protein .
Quaternary
145
Type of quaternary structures of proteins .
Linear strings of sphere
| Spheres arranged one upon each other in the form of a cube or a plate
146
Example of quaternary structure of proteins
Hb
147
Number and types of subunits of Hb -
4 subunits
2-subunits of alpha type
2-subunits of beta type
Hence, 2 are identical to each other
148
In a polypeptide or a protein , amino acids are linked by a _________.
Peptide bond
149
A peptide bond in a protein is formed when the _______ group of one amino acid reacts with the ______ group of next amino acid with the ELIMINATION of _____ moiety .
Carboxyl(-COOH)
Amino(NH2)
Water 💦
150
Dehydration occurs during peptide bond formation in amino acids .T/F
T
151
In a polysaccharide , the individual monosaccharides are linked by a _______ bond .
Glycosidic
152
Glycosidic bond is also formed by -
Dehydration
| Both peptide and glycosidic bonds
153
Glycosidic bond is formed between ______ atoms of two adjacent .
2 C
| Monosaccharides
154
In a nucleic acid a phosphate moiety links the ____carbon of one sugar of one nucleotide , to the ____ carbon of the sugar of the succeeding nucleotide .
3’
| 5’
155
The bond between the ______ and _______ group of sugar is an ESTER bond .
Phosphate
| Hydroxyl group
156
As there is one such ESTER bond on either side it is called -
Phosphodiester bond
157
In a nucleic acid , a ______ moiety links the 3 ‘C of 1 sugar f 1 nucleotide to the 5’C of another sugar of the next nucleotide .
Phosphate
158
Nucleic acids exhibit a wide variety of________ structures .
Secondary
159
One of the ______ structures exhibited by DNA 🧬 is the Watson - Crick model .
Secondary
160
Watson-crick model says that DNA exists as a _______ .
Double helix
161
The backbone of DNA helix is formed by the -
Sugar-phosphate -sugar chain
162
The nitrogenous bases are projected _____ to the sugar phosphate backbone in a DNA helix .
Perpendicular
163
Each strand appears like a helical staircase and each step of ascent , the strand turns ______ .
36 degree
164
One full turn of the helical strand would involve _____ steps = ___ base pairs .
10
| 10
165
The pitch of DNA helix is-
34 A
Rise per base pair = 3.4A
One full turn = 10 steps / 10 base pairs
Pitch = 3.4*10=34A
166
The DNA with 10 base pairs per turn and pitch = 34 A is called -
B-DNA
167
______ means that biomolecules are constantly being changed into some other biomolecules and also made from some other biomolecules .
Turn over
168
Together all the chemical reactions constantly occurring in living organisms are called -
Metabolism
169
Each metabolic reaction results in the transformation of -
Biomolecules
170
________ are converted to each other in a series of linked reactions called metabolic pathways .
Metabolites
171
The METABOLITE flow is called the _________ state of body constituents .
Dynamic
172
There are no ________ metabolic conversions in living systems .
Uncatalysed
| All metabolic reactions are catalysed
173
CO2 dissolving in water , a physical process is a catalysed reaction .T/F .
T
174
Give some examples of metabolic reactions .
Removal of CO2 from amino acids converting it into amine ;
Removal of amino acids in a nucleotide
Hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond in a disaccharide.
175
________ becomes lactic acid in our skeletal muscles .
Glucose
176
Metabolic pathways that lead to a more complex structure from a simple structure are called -
Anabolic / Biosynthetic pathways
| Ex- acetic acid -> cholesterol
177
Metabolic pathways leading to a simple structure from a complex structure are called -
Catabolic pathways / degradation
| Ex . Glucose to lactic acid in our muscles - energy is liberated
178
(Anabolic/ Catabolic) _________pathways consume energy while _______ lead to release of energy .
Anabolic. - assembly of protein from amino acid requires energy
Catabolic
179
Blood concentration of GLUCOSE in a normal healthy individual is -
4.2 - 6.1 mmol/L
180
Blood conc of hormones in a healthy individual is measured in -
Nanogams /mL
181
All living organisms exist in a ______ state characterised by concentrations of each of these biomolecules .
Steady
182
The steady state is a _________ state .( equilibrium / non - equilibrium )
Non-equilibrium
183
Without _______ , there cannot be a living state .
Metabolism
184
Definition of the living state -
Non-equilibrium steady state to be able to perform work
185
Living process is a constant effort to prevent falling into -
Equilibrium
186
_______ and metabolism are synonymous .
Living state
187
Living organisms exist in a steady state characterised by concentrations of biomolecules which are in a_________ .
Metabolic flux
188
Almost all enzymes are _______ .
Proteins
189
There are some NUCLEIC ACIDS that behave like enzymes . These are called -
Ribozymes
190
An enzyme like a protein has a PRIMARY STRUCTURE which means -
Amino acid sequence of the protein
191
An enzyme like any protein has _______ and ______ structures also .
Secondary and tertiary
192
When we look at the tertiary structure of enzymes , we will notice that the backbone of protein chain folds upon itself , the chain criss-crosses itself and hence many _____ or _____ are made .
Crevices
| Pockets
193
One pocket (in the tertiary structure of enzymes )is the ______.
Active site
194
An active site of an enzyme is the crevice or pocket into which a _____ fits .
Substrate
195
Enzymes , through their _______ catalyse reactions at a higher rate .
Active site
196
Enzyme catalysis is similar to inorganic catalysis .T/F
F
197
One major difference between enzyme catalysis and inorganic catalysis -
Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high temp and high pressure
Enzymes get damaged at high temp
198
Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at ______ temp and _____ pressure
High
| High
199
Temp above which enzymes get damaged -
40 degree Celsius
200
Enzymes isolated from ORGANISMS who normally live under extremely _______ temp are _______ and retain their catalytic power even at high temp (80-90 C).
High
| Stable
201
Enzymes which are active at high temp (80-90C) are isolated from organisms which live in -
Hot vents and sulphur springs
202
________ is an important quality of enzymes isolated from thermophilic organisms .
Thermal stability
203
Nucleic acids that behave like enzymes are called -
Ribozymes
204
Hydrolysis of starch into glucose is an _______ reaction .
Organic chemical
205
Rate of physical or chemical process refers to the-
Amount of product formed per unit time
206
Rate ( of physical and chemical process ) can be called ________ if DIRECTION is specified .
Velocity
207
Rate of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL process is influenced by -
Temp
208
A general rule of thumb is that rate of physical or chemical reaction DOUBLES or DEC BY HALF for every ______ change in either direction .
10 C
209
Without catalyst , ______ molecules of H2CO3 are formed in an HOUR . With a catalyst ( CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ) ________ molecules will be formed every SECOND .
200
600,000
Rate has inc by 10 million times
210
In our skeletal muscles , under anaerobic conditions , ________ is formed . And under aerobic conditions , ______ is formed .
Lactic acid
| Pyruvic acid
211
In ______ , during fermentation ethanol is formed .
Yeast
212
The chemical which is converted into a product is called -
Substrate
213
Enzyme i.e proteins with ______ structures including an _________ convert SUBSTRATE to PRODUCTS .
3 D
| Active site
214
_______ has to bind the _______ at its active site .
| Enzyme/substrate
Substrate
Enzyme
Active site is located on the enzyme
215
______ has to diffuse toward the active site .
Substrate
| It goes and binds itself with the enzyme
216
The ES complex formation is a ________ phenomenon .
Transient
217
During the state where substrate is bound to the enzyme active site , a new structure of the substrate called _______structure is formed .
Transition state structure
218
After the expected bond breaking /making is completed , ________ is released from the active site .
Product
219
The pathway of the transformation from substrate to product must go through the ________ structure .
Transition state
220
All the intermediate structural states ( of the substrate to product transformation) are _______ .
Unstable
221
The energy status during transformations or the concept of activation energy GRAPH , has _______ axis representing the potential energy content and ____ axis represents the PROGRESSION OF THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION or states through the ‘transition state ‘
Y
| X
222
If P is at a lower level than S , the reaction is an ________ reaction .(in the energy graph )
Exothermic
223
In the activation energy graph , whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic , ______ has to go through a much higher state or transition state .
S
| Substrate
224
The difference in the average energy content of S from that of its TRANSITION STATE ,is called -
Activation energy
225
______ is a spontaneous reaction while _______ is energy requiring process .
Exothermic
| Endothermic
226
______ bring down the energy barrier making the transition of S to P more easy .
Enzymes
227
The binding of the substrate induces the enzyme to ________ fitting more tightly around the substrate .
Alter its shape
| Shape of enzyme is altered
228
The activity of the enzyme can be affected by a change in the conditions which can alter the ______structure of proteins .
Tertiary
229
List the factors affecting enzyme activity -
Temp
pH
Change in SUBSTRATE conc
Binding of specific chemicals
230
Enzymes function in a _____ range of temp and pH .
Narrow
231
Activity of enzymes decline ______ the optimum value .
| Below/above
Both
232
_____ temp preserves the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state whereas , ______ temp destroys enzymatic activity .
Low
| High
233
What will happen to an enzyme below its optimum temp ?
It will be preserved in a temporarily INACTIVE state ( unlike high temp , it won’t be destroyed )
234
Why are enzymes destroyed above optimum temp ?
Because proteins are denatured by heat
235
With the increase in _________ the VELOCITY of the enzymatic reaction RISES at first .
Substrate concentration
236
With the inc in substrate con , the the reaction reaches a _______ which is not exceeded by any further rise in the conc .
Max velocity (Vmax)
237
After reaching Vmax , why there is no further rise in velocity with inc in substrate conc ?
Becoz , ENZYMES molecules are FEWER than SUBSTRATE molecules and after saturation of these molecules , there is no free enzyme molecule to bind with the additional substrate molecules .
238
The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of specific _____ that bind to the enzyme .
Chemicals
239
When the binding of the CHEMICAL shuts off enzyme activity ,the process is called ______ and the CHEMICAL is called _______ .
Inhibition
| Inhibitor
240
When the INHIBITOR closely resembles the ________ in its molecular structure , the inhibition is called competitive inhibition.
Substrate
241
In competitive inhibition , the inhibitor resembles the substrate in its _______ .
molecular Structure
242
The inhibitor competes with the SUBSTRATE for the __________ .
Substrate binding site of the ENZYME
243
Due to competitive inhibition ,when the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme , the ENZYME ACTION -
Declines
244
Give an example of competitive inhibition -
Inhibition of the ENZYME -succinic dehydrogenase by the INHIBITOR -malonate , which closely resembles the SUBSTRATE - succinate in structure .
245
In competitive inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase, SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE is ______ , MALONATE is _______ and SUCCINATE is ________ .
Enzyme
Inhibitor
Substrate
246
In the process of inhibition , _______ is inhibited by _______ .
Enzyme
| Inhibitor
247
COMPETITIVE inhibitors are used in the control of -
Bacterial pathogens 🦠
248
In inhibition process , competition is between ______ and _______ .
Inhibitor
| Substrate
249
Dehydrogenase are enzymes which catalyse _____ between 2 substrates .
Oxidoreduction
250
________ enzymes catalyse oxidoreduction between 2 substrates .
Oxidoreductase/ dehydrogenase
251
Enzymes catalysing a transfer of a group other than hydrogen between a pair of substrate are called -
Transferase
252
Transferases catalyse a transfer of a group other than ______ between substrates .
H
253
Enzymes catalysing hydrolysis of ester , ether , peptide , glycosidic , C-C , C-halide or P-N bonds -
Hydrolases
254
Hydrolases catalyse the hydrolysis of -
```
Ester
Ether
Peptide
Glycosidic
C-C
C-halide
P-N bonds
```
255
Enzymes that catalyse removal of groups from substrates by mechanism other than hydrolysis leaving double bonds are called -
Lyases
256
Enzymes that give double bonds in the product -
Lyases
257
Lyases remove groups from substrates by mechanisms other than -
Hydrolysis
258
Function of lyases -
Remove groups from substrate , leaving double bonds .
| X-C-C-X ———-> X-Y + C=C
259
_______ includes all enzymes catalysing interconversion of OPTICAL , GEOMETRIC or POSITIONAL isomers .
Isomerases
260
Enzymes catalysing the linking together of 2 compounds -
Ligases
261
Enzymes which catalyse joining of C-O , C-S , C-N , P-O bonds are called -
Ligases
262
Types of bonds joined by the activity of ligases -
C-O
C-S
C-N
P-O
263
Enzymes are composed of one or several ______ chains .
Polypeptide
264
In some cases , non-protein constituents called ______ are bound to enzymes fo catalytic activity .
Co-factors
265
When non-protein cofactors are present in the enzymes , the protein portion is called -
Apoenyzme
266
Name the kind of CO-FACTORS -
3
Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes
Metal ions
267
Apoenzyme is the ______ part and co-factor is the ______ part of an enzyme .
Protein
| Non-protein
268
Conjugate enzyme which is composed of co-factor and apoenzyme is called -
Holozyme
269
The co-factor which is an organic compound -
Prosthetic group
| And also - cofactors
270
How are prosthetic groups distinguished from other co-factors ?
They are tightly bound to apoenzyme
271
In ______ and _______ , haem is the PROSTHETIC group and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme .
Peroxidase
| Catalase
272
Peroxidase and catalase catalyse the breakdown of ________ to _____ and ______ .
Hydrogen peroxide
| Water and oxygen
273
________ are also organic compounds but their association with the APOENZYME is only transient .
Co-enzymes ( co-factors)
274
Coenzymes serve as ____ in a number of enzyme catalysed reactions .
Co-factors
275
In peroxidase and catalase , haem is the ________ and it is a part of the active site of the enzyme .
Prosthetic group
276
The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are -
Vitamins
277
Give an example of coenzyme
NAD and NADP
278
A number of enzymes require METAL IONS for their activity which form _______bonds with side chains and at the same time form one or more _________ bonds with the SUBSTRATE .
Coordinate
| Coordinate
279
Catalytic activity is removed when the ____ is removed from the enzyme .
Co-factor
280
Name 2 coenzymes whose essential chemical components are vitamins -
NAD -nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
| NADP
281
Coenzymes NAD and NADP contain which vitamin -
Niacin
282
Zinc is a_______ for the proteolytic enzyme CARBOXYPEPTIDASE .
Cofactor
283
Zinc comes under which category of enzymes -
Metal ions - cofactors
284
Zinc is a cofactor for the PROTEOLYTIC enzyme -
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
| Zn - metal ions
