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Mineral Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered HYDROPONICS and in which year .

A

Julius Von Sachs , 1860

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2
Q

Julius Von Sachs was a prominent _____ who demonstrated for the first time that plants could be grown to maturity in a defined nutrient solution in COMPLETE ABSENCE OF SOIL in the year _____ .

A

German botanist

1860

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3
Q

The essence o all the methods of hydroponics involves culture of plants in a ______ , defined ________solution .

A

Soil -free

Mineral

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4
Q

Hydroponics require _______ and mineral nutrient ____ .

A

Purified water

Salts

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5
Q

After a series of experiments in which elements were ___,____ ,_____ or given in ____, a mineral solution suitable for plant growth was obtained .

A

Added
Substituted
Removed
Varied concentrations

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6
Q

By which method were ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS identified and their deficiency symptoms discovered ?

A

By adding/ substituting , removing or giving different elements in varied concentrations , in nutrient solutions .

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7
Q

Hydroponics has been successfully employed as a technique of______ production of ____.

A

Commercial

Vegetables

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8
Q

Vegetables 🍅 which have been produced using hydroponics -

A

Tomato 🍅
Seedless cucumber 🥒
Lettuce 🥬

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9
Q

In hydroponics , nutrient solutions must be adequately ______ to obtain _____ growth .

A

Aerated

Optimum

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10
Q

More than _____ elements of the ______ discovered are found in dif plants .

A

60

105

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11
Q

_____elements are found in plants .

A

More than 60

Total discovered - 105

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12
Q

Some plants growing up near NUCLEAR TEST SITES take up _______.

A

Radioactive strontium

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13
Q

Some plant species accumulate gold while others accumulate selenium .T/F

A

T

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14
Q

Techniques are able to detect minerals even at a very LOW CONC of -

A

10(-8) g/mL

ten to the power 8

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15
Q

The criteria for the essential its of an element are -

A

3
Must be absolutely necessary for supporting normal growth and reproduction .
Requirement of element must be specific and not replaceable by another element .
Must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant .

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16
Q

Requirement of ESSENTIAL element must be -

A

Specific

And not replaceable by another element .

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17
Q

Deffeciency of ____ element cannot be met by any other element .

A

Essential

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18
Q

Essential element is directly involved in the _____ of plants .

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

Essential element must be absolutely necessary for supporting normal ____ and ____ .

A

Growth

Reproduction

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20
Q

Macronutrients are generally present in large amounts in excess of -

A

10mmol Kg-1 of dry matter

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21
Q

Phosphorous is a macro/micronutrient-

A

Macro

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22
Q

Potassium is micro/macro-

A

Macro

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23
Q

Macronutrients include-

A

N, P , K , S , O,H , Ca, Mg ,C

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24
Q

C , H and. O are mainly obtained from -

A

CO2 and H2O

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25
Q

Macronutrients other than O,H,C are obtained from ?

A

Absorbed from the soil as mineral nutrition

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26
Q

______ are trace elements needed in very small amounts , less than 10 mmol Kg-1 of dry matter .

A

Micronutrients

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27
Q

Micronutrients include -

A

Fe , Mn, Cu , Mo , Zn , B, Cl , Ni

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28
Q

Zn is micro/macro?

A

Micro

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29
Q

Iron is micro/macro?

A

Micro

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30
Q

Cl is micro/macro?

A

Micro

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31
Q

How many essential elements are there ?

A

17

Include both micro and macro nutrients

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32
Q

In addition to the 17 essential elements , there are some _______ req by HIGHER PLANTS .

A

Beneficial elements

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33
Q

Name the beneficial elements -

A

Na , Si , Co , Se

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34
Q

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS can be grouped into _____ broad categories on the basis of their____.

A

4

Diverse functions

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35
Q

Si is a __ element .

A

Beneficial

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36
Q

Co is a __element .

A

Beneficial

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37
Q

What are the 4 categories into which ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS can be divided ?

A

1 - components of biomolecules and hence structural components of cells (C H O N )
2- components of energy related chemical compounds in plant .(Mg , P in ATP )
3- activate or inhibit enzymes (Mg+ - activator of RuBisCo and PEPcase ,Zn ,Mo)
4 - some alter osmotic potential of cell (K)

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38
Q

Essential elements participate in various metabolic processes of the plant cell, such as -

A 
6
Permeability of cell membrane
Maintenance of osmotic conc of cell sap
ETS
Buffering action 
Enzymatic activity
Major constituent of MACROMOLECULES and coenzymes .
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39
Q

Macro and micro nutrients (essential elements ) are involved in _____ action and ___ activity in plants .

A

Buffering

Enzymatic

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40
Q

Essential elements are major constituents of ______ and _____ .

A

Macromolecules

Coenzymes

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41
Q

Essential nutrient element req by plants in greatest amounts -

A

N

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42
Q

N is mainly absorbed as ____ ,though some are also taken up as -

A

_
NO3
_ +
NO2 , NH4

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43
Q

N is req by all parts of the plant especially the _____ TISSUES and _____ cells .

A

Meristematic

metabolically Active

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44
Q

N is one of the major constituents of __ ,___ , ___ and ____ .

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Vitamins
Hormones

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45
Q

P is absorbed from soil in the form of ____.

A

phosphate ions

Either H2PO4- or HPO4(2-)

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46
Q

P is a constituent of ALL ___ and ______ .

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEOTIDES

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47
Q

P is req for ALL _____reactions .

A

Phosphorylation

Becoz it is a constituent of all nucleic acids and nucleotides

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48
Q

____ is the major constituent of proteins ,nucleic acids , vitamins and hormones .

A

N

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49
Q

P is a constituent of CERTAIN ______.

A

Proteins

All nucleic acids and nucleotides

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50
Q

K is absorbed as ___.

A

Potassium ions

K+

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51
Q

In plants _____ is req in more abundant quantities in the MERISTEMATIC TISSUES , BUDS ,LEAVES and ROOT TIPS .

A

K

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52
Q

K helps to maintain _____ balance in cells .

A

Anion-cation

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53
Q

K is involved in ___ synthesis .

A

Protein synthesis

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54
Q

K is req in more abundant quantities in _,__,___and _.

A

Meristematic tissues
Leaves
Buds
Root tips

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55
Q

Functions of K in plants -

A

Protein synthesis
Opening and closing of stomata
Activation of enzymes
Maintenance of the turgidity of cells

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56
Q

____ is a constituent of cell membrane .

A

P

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57
Q

K is involved in activation of enzymes .T/F

A

T

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58
Q

Plants absorb Ca in the form of ___ .

A

Ca ions

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59
Q

Ca is req by ______ and _____ tissues .

A

Meristematic

Differentiating

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60
Q

During ______ , Ca is used in the synthesis of cell _____.

A

Cell division

Wall

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61
Q

Ca is needed during the formation of ____.

A

Mitotic spindle

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62
Q

Ca accumulates in _____ leaves .

A

Older

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63
Q

During cell division ,Ca is used in the synthesis of cell wall , particularly as ____ in the ______.

A

Calcium pectate

Middle lamella

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64
Q

Ca is req for the NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF ______.

A

Cell membranes

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65
Q

_____ is req in the synthesis of cell wall .

A

Ca

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66
Q

Ca activates certain _____ and plays an imp role in regulating ______.

A

Enzymes

Metabolic activities

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67
Q

Mg is absorbed by plants in the form of _____

A

Divalent Mg2+

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68
Q

___ is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA .

A

Mg

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69
Q

Mg activates the enzymes of ___and _____.

A

Respiration

Photosynthesis

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70
Q

Mg is the constituent of ____structure of CHLOROPHYLL .

A

RING

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71
Q

____ helps to maintain the RIBOSOME structure .

A

Mg

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72
Q

Functions of mg-

A

activates the enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis
Synthesis if DNA and RNA
Constituent of ring structure of chlorophyll
Maintains the ribosome structure

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73
Q

Plants obtain S i the form of -

A

Sulphate. SO4 (2-)

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74
Q

S is present in ____amino acids . Name them-

A

2
Cysteine
Methionine

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75
Q

_____ is the main constituent of several COENZYMES , vitamins and FERRIDOXIN .

A

S

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76
Q

S is the constituent of which vitamins ?

A

Thiamine
Biotine
Coenzyme A

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77
Q

Plants obtain Fe i the form of -

A

FERRIC ions (Fe3+)

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78
Q

____is req in larger amounts in comparison to other micronutrients .

A

Fe

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79
Q

S is the main constituent of VITAMINS . T/F

A

T
Thiamine
Biotine
CoenzymeA

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80
Q

______is an imp constituent of PROTEINS involved in the transfer of electrons like ferridoxin and cytochromes .

A

Fe

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81
Q

Fe is ______ from Fe2+ to Fe3+ during ______.

A

Reversible oxidised

Electron transfer

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82
Q

_____ is essential for the formation of chlorophyll .

A

Fe

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83
Q

Fe activates _____ enzyme .

A

Catalase

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84
Q

Fe is an imp constituent of _______ involved in _____ .

A

Proteins(like ferridoxin and cytochromes)

Electron transfer

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85
Q

Ferridoxin and cytochromes have ____as their main constituent .

A

Ferridoxin -Fe and S

Cytochrome -S

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86
Q

___activates catalase enzyme .

A

Fe

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87
Q

Fe is essential for the formation of -

A

Chlorophyll

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88
Q

Mn is absorbed in the form of ___

A

Mn2+ manganous ion

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89
Q

Mn activates many enzymes involved in _____,___ and _____,

A

Photosynthesis
Respiration
N metabolism

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90
Q

Best defined function of Mn -

A

Splitting of water to liberate O during photosynthesis .

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91
Q

_____ activates enzymes involved in NITROGEN METABOLISM .

A

Mn

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92
Q

Plants obtain Zn as -

A

Zn2+ ions

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93
Q

Zn activates many enzymes especially______ .

A

Carboxylase

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94
Q

____is needed in the synthesis of AUXIN

A

Zn

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95
Q

Cu is absorbed as ____.

A

CUPRIC Cu2+ ions

Not cuprous

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96
Q

_____ activates carboxylases

A

Zn

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97
Q

Zn is involved in the synthesis of which PGR ?

A

Auxin

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98
Q

_____is essential for OVERALL DEVELOPMENT in plants .

A

Cu

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99
Q

Like Fe , ____ is associated with certain enzymes involved in redox rxn .

A

Cu

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100
Q

Cu irreversibly oxidised from __to ___.

A

Cu+ to Cu2+

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101
Q

Cu resembles ____.why?

A

Fe
Involved in redox rxns
Reversible oxidised

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102
Q

B is absorbed as _and__.

A

BO3(3-). B407(2-)

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103
Q

B is req for _____and ____of Ca .

A

Uptake

Utilisation

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104
Q

_____ is involved in the uptake and utilisation of Ca.

A

B

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105
Q

____is involved in CARBOHYDRATE TRANSLOCATION .

A

B

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106
Q

____ is involved in polle germination .

A

B

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107
Q

Functions of B .

A 
Uptake and utilisation of Ca 
Membrane functioning
Pollen germination
Cell elongation
Cell differentiation
Carbohydrate translocation
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108
Q

Mo is absorbed in the form of -

A

MoO2(2+) molybdate ions

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109
Q

B is involved in_____translocation

A

Carbohydrate

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110
Q

B is involved in ___ functioning and cell____.

A

Membrane

Elongation and differentiation

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111
Q

____ is a component of several enzymes including NITROGENASE and NITRATE REDUCTASE .

A

Mo

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112
Q

Mo is a component of enzymes _____ and ____ , both of which participate in _____.

A

NITROGENASE
Nitrate reductase
Nitrogen metabolism

113
Q

Cl is absorbed in the fm of -

A

Cl- anion

114
Q

Along with ____and ____ , Cl helps in determining the solute conc and anion -cation balance in the cells .

A

Na and K

115
Q

_____is essential for water splitting rxns in photosynthesis .

A

Cl

116
Q

Along with Na and K , Cl helps in determine ______ and ____

A

Solute conc

Anion-cation balance in cells

117
Q

3 ions which help in determining solute conc and anion-cation balance in cells are -

A

Na K Cl

118
Q

_______ is involved in protein synthesis .

A

K

119
Q

Whenever the supply of _____becomes limited , plant growth is RETARDED .

A

Essential element

120
Q

The conc of the ESSENTIAL ELEMENT _____ which the plant growth is retarted is termed as -

A

Below

Critical conc

121
Q

The element is said to be _____ when present below critical conc .

A

Deficient

122
Q

In the absence of any particular element ,plants show certain ______ changes .

A

Morphological

123
Q

The morphological changes are indicative of certain element deficiencies and are called -

A

Deficiency symptoms

124
Q

The ___symptoms vary from element to element .

A

Deficiency

125
Q

The deficiency symptoms ____ when the deficient mineral nutrient is provided to the plant .

A

Disappear

126
Q

If deprivation of essential nutrients continues , it may eventually lead to ____ of plant .

A

Death

127
Q

The parts of plant that show deficiency symptoms also depend on -

A

Mobility of element in he plant .

128
Q

For elements that are ____and exported to ___ developing tissues , the deficiency symptoms tend to appear first in the _____ tissues.

A

Actively MOBILISED
Young
Older

129
Q

The deficiency symptoms of N ,K ,Mg are visible first in _____leaves .

A

Senescent

130
Q

In older leaves , ______ containing actively mobilised elements are broken down making these elements available for ____ to young leaves .

A

Biomolecules

Mobilised

131
Q

The deficiency symptoms tend to appear in the _____ tissues whenever the elements are relatively IMMOBILE and are not transported out of _____ organs .

A

Young

Mature

132
Q

___ and ___ are structural components of cell and hence are immobile .

A

S , Ca

133
Q

Why are S and Ca immobile ?

A

Becoz they are a part of the structural component of the cell and hence are not easily released .

134
Q

Which aspect of mineral nutrition of plants is of great significance and importance to agriculture and horticulture ?

A

Immobility of S and Ca

135
Q

The deficiency symptoms shown in plants include -

A 
5
Chlorosis
Necrosis
Stunted plant growth 
Premature fall of leaves and buds 
Inhibition of cell division
136
Q

Chlorosis is the loss of ______ leading to yellowing of leaves .

A

Chlorophyll

137
Q

Chlorosis is caused by the deficiency of how many elements ?

A

8

N , K , S , Fe , Mn , Mg , Zn , Mo

138
Q

necrosis is the __ of tissue .

A

Death

139
Q

Necrosis is the death of tissue , particularly ___ tissue .

A

Leaf

140
Q

Necrosis is caused by the deficiency of how many elements ?

A

4

Ca , Mg , Cu , K

141
Q

__ or __ of N , S , Mo , K causes an inhibition of cell division .

A

Lack

Low levels

142
Q

Inhibition of cell division is caused by how many elements ?

A

4

N , K , S , Mo

143
Q

Some elements like N , S , Mo delay ______ if their conc in plants is low

A

Flowering

144
Q

Which elements delay flowering ?

A

N , S , Mo

145
Q

The same __ can be caused by the deficiency of __ elements .

A

Symptoms

One or several different

146
Q

Different plants respond differently to the deficiency of same element .T/F

A

T

147
Q

The moderate decrease of ______ causes defiance symptoms .

A

Micronutrients

148
Q

A moderate _____ of _____ causes TOXICITY .

A

Inc

Micronutrients

149
Q

The requirement of micronutrients is always in low amounts while their ____ decrease causes deficiency symptoms .

A

Moderate

150
Q

There is a ____range of conc at which he elements are OPTIMUM .

A

Narrow

151
Q

Any mineral ion conc that reduced the dry weight of tissues by about ___ % is considered __.

A

10

Toxic

152
Q

Any mineral element that __ the _____ by about 10% is considered toxic .

A

Reduces

Dry weight

153
Q

The TOXICITY symptoms are ___ to identify .

A

Difficult

154
Q

Toxicity levels __ for diff plants .

A

Vary

155
Q

Prominent symptoms of __ toxicity is the appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorosis veins .

A

Mn

156
Q

Prominent symtoms of Mn toxicity -

A

Appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorosis veins

157
Q

Mn competes with _ and _ for uptake .

A

Fe , Mg

158
Q

Mn competes with ___ for binding with enzymes .

A

Mg

159
Q

__ inhibits Ca translocation in shoot apex .

A

Mn

160
Q

Mn competes with Fe and Mg for - and with Mg for -

A

Uptake

Binding with enzymes

161
Q

Mn inhibits ___ in SHOOT APEX .

A

Ca translocation

162
Q

__ of Mn May indie __ of Fe , Mg and Ca .

A

Excess

Deficiencies

163
Q

What appears as symptoms of Mn toxicity may actually be the __ symptoms of ____.

A

Deficiency

Fe ,Mg , Ca

164
Q

Studies on mechanism of absorption of elements by plants has been carried out in __ ,___ or _____.

A

Isolated cells , tissues, organs

165
Q

Studies on isolated cells , tissues and organs shows that absorption can be demarcated into ___ main phases .

A

2

166
Q

What are the 2 phases in which absorption is divided into -

A

1 - initial uptake of ions into the outer space of cell (free space )-the APOPLAST is PASSIVE
2 -2nd phase of uptake , ions are slowly taken into the inner space -SYMPLAST

167
Q

The passive movement of ions into the apoplast (1st phase ) occurs through __ , the ___ that function as SELECTIVE PORES .

A

Ion-channels

Transmembrane proteins

168
Q

Transmembrane proteins function as -

A

Selective pores ( in apoplast )

169
Q

The entry and exit of ions from the SYMPLAST (2nd phase ) is an ___ process and req __ .

A

Active

Energy

170
Q

The movement of ions by absorption (through apoplast and symplast ) is called -

A

Flux

171
Q

The inward movement into the cells is called -_____ and outward movement is called ___.

A

Influx

Efflux

172
Q

In the first phase of absorption , the __ uptake of ions into the ___ is ______ .

A

Rapid
Free space or outer space of cell-apoplast
Passive

173
Q

In the second phase of absorption , the ions are ___taken into the _____ by __process .

A

Slowly
Inner space-symplast
Active

174
Q

Mineral salts are trans located through the xylem along with the ______

A

Ascending stream of water

175
Q

Analysis of xylem sap shows the presence of ______ in it .

A

Mineral salts

176
Q

Use of ____ of mineral elements also substantiate the view that they are transported through xylem .

A

Radioisotopes

177
Q

The ascending stream of water contains minerals is pulled up through the plant by -

A

Transpiration

178
Q

Majority of nutrients that are essential to the plant become available to roots due to ____ and _____ .

A

Weathering

Breakdown of rocks

179
Q

Weathering and breakdown of rocks enriches the soil with ___ and ____.

A

Dissolve ions

Inorganic salts

180
Q

Why is the role of nutrients in plants referred to as MINERAL NUTRITION ?

A

Becoz they are derived from rock minerals

181
Q

Functions of soil-

A 
Supplies minerals
Harbours N2 fixing bacteria ,other microbes
Holds water 
Supplies air to roots
Acts as matrix that stabilises the plant
182
Q

__ and ___ form components of fertilisers and are supplied as per need .

A

Macro

Micronutrients

183
Q

Macronutrients supplied as fertilisers -

A

N,P,K,S

184
Q

Micronutrients supplied as fertilisers-

A

Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn

185
Q

Apart from C,H,O _ is the most prevalent element in living organisms .

A

N

186
Q

N is a constituent of chlorophyll .T/F

A

T

187
Q

Plants compete with ___ for the limited N2 that is available in soil .

A

Microbes

188
Q

__ is a limiting nutrient for both agricultural and natural ecosystems .why?

A

N2

Becoz plants compete with microbes for the limited N in soil

189
Q

N2 is the limiting nutrient for ____ and _ ecosystems .

A

Natural

Agricultural

190
Q

N2 exists as 2 N atoms joined by a very strong ______bond .

A

Triple covalent

191
Q

The process of conversion of __ to ___ is termed as N2 fixation .

A

N2 to ammonia

192
Q

In nature __ and __ provide enough energy to convert N2 to N-OXIDES .

A

Lighteing

UVradiation

193
Q

Lightening and UV radiation , convert N2 to ___.

A

Nitrogen oxides -NO,NO2, N2O

194
Q

Sources of atmospheric N-oxides are -

A

Industrial combustion ,
forest fires ,
automobile exhausts ,
power generating stations

195
Q

Decomposition of organic nitrogen of DEAD plants and animals into AMMONIA is called -

A

Ammonification

196
Q

Industrial automobiles ,forest fires and vehicles are sources of -

A

Atm N-oxides

197
Q

______ of organic N of ___plants and animals into __ is called ammonification .

A

Decomposition
Dead
ammonia

198
Q

Some of the ___ volatiles and renters the atmosphere but most of it is converted into NITRATE by soil bacteria .

A

Ammonia - obtained by ammonification

199
Q

What happens to the AMMONIA released by ammonification?

A

Some of it VOLATISES and RE-ENTERS the atm but MOST of it is converted to NITRATE by SOIL BACTERIA .

200
Q

Ammonia is first OXIDISED to NITRITE by the bacteria ___.

A

Nitrosomonas / nitrococcus

201
Q

The nitrite (obtained from ammonia ) is further oxidised to NITRATE by bacteria -

A

Nitobacter

202
Q

__ bacteria are chemoautotrophs .

A

Nitrifying

203
Q

The oxidation of ammonia into nitrite and the finally into nitrate is called -

A

Nitrification

204
Q

Nitrifying bacteria are -

A

Chemoautotrophs

205
Q

The __ formed (from ammonia ) is ABSORBED BY PLANTS and transported to the leaves .

A

Nitrate -(after nitrification)

206
Q

Which form of N2 is finally absorbed by plants -

A

Nitrate

207
Q

In leaves , NITRATE is REDUCED to form ___ that finally forms the _ group of AMONI ACIDS .

A

Ammonia

Amine

208
Q

Nitrate present in the soil is also reduced to nitrogen by the process of -

A

Denitrification

209
Q

Denitrification is the conversion of _ to __ .

A

Nitrate (left in the soil,not absorbed by plants )

Nitrogen

210
Q

Denitrification is carried out by bacteria -

A

Pseudomonas

Thiobacillus

211
Q

In leaves , __ is reduced to form ____ that finally forms the _ group of ___.

A

Nitrate
Ammonia
Amine
Amino acids

212
Q

Very few living organisms can utilise nitrogen in the form of _____ present abundantly in the air .

A

N2

213
Q

Only CERTAIN ______ spe is are capable of fixing nitrogen .

A

Prokaryotic

214
Q

Reduction of nitrogen to ammonia by LIVING ORGANISMS is called -

A

Biological N2fixation

215
Q

The enzyme _______is capable of nitrate reductase .

A

NITROGENASE

216
Q

The enzyme nitrogenase is present exclusively in -

A

Prokaryotes

217
Q

The nitrogen fixing microbes could be ___ or _____.

A

Free-living

Symbiotic

218
Q

Name 2 free-living nitrogen fixing AEROBIC microbes

A

Azotobacter

Beijerinckia

219
Q

Name of an ANAEROBIC and FREE-LIVING microbe -

A

Rhodospirillum

220
Q

A number of ___ such as __ and ____ are also FREE-LIVING N2 fixers.

A

Cyanobacteria
Anabaena
Nostoc

221
Q

What kind of a N2 fixer is azotobacter?

A

Free living aerobic

Like beijerinik

222
Q

______ relationship is the most prominent of SYMBIOTIC N2 fixing associations .

A

Legume-bacteria

223
Q

Shape of bacteria rhizobium -

A

Rod

224
Q

Species of ____ have relationship with the roots o several legumes such as alfalfa .

A

Rhizobium

225
Q

Give the names of legumes which have symbiotic relations with rhizobium-

A 
Alfalfa
Sweet clover
Sweet pea
Lentils
Garden pea
Broad bean
Clover beans
226
Q

The common association on ROOTS of legumes is as -

A

Nodules

227
Q

The nodules are ____ on the roots .

A

Small outgrowths

228
Q

The microbes ___ produces N2 fixing NODULES on the roots of NON-LEGUMINOUS plants .

A

Frankia

229
Q

Name a non-leguminous plant which has symbiotic association. With FRANKIA .

A

Alnus

230
Q

_____ produces nodules o the roots of leguminous plants .

A

Rhizobium

231
Q

Both __ and _____ are free-living in soil but as SYMBIONTS can fix atm N2 .

A

Rhizobium

Frankia

232
Q

Leguminous haemoglobin turns _____ pink .

A

Nodules

233
Q

Rhizobium and frankia fix atm N2 as -

A

Symbionts

Not as fertilisers living microbes , when they are free-living they do not fix N2

234
Q

______ involves a sequence of multiple interactions between RHIZOBIUM and roots of the host plant.

A

Nodules formation

235
Q

The first step in nodule formation is : the ___ multiply and and colonise the surroundings of roots and get attached to _____ and ______ cells on ROOT .

A

Rhizobia

Epidermal , root hair cells

236
Q

The 2nd step in nodule formation :the ___ curl and __ invade the root hair .

A

Root hair

Bacteria

237
Q

The 3rd step in nodule formation ::______ is produced carrying the invaded BACTERIA into the __ of the ROOT , where the bacteria initiate nodule formation .

A

Infection thread

Cortex

238
Q

The invaded bacteria initiate nodule formation in the _____of the root .

A

Cortex

239
Q

After the bacteria are released from the ____into The cells which leads to the ___ of specialised N2 fixing cells .

A

Thread 🧵

Differentiation

240
Q

The nodules formed establishes a ___________connection with the host for exchange of NUTRIENTS .

A

Direct vascular

241
Q

How does the nodules establish a direct vascular connection with their host for EXCHANGE OF NUTRIENTS .

A

The rhizobium Bactria first multiplies and gets attached to root epidermal and root hair cells .the root hair curl and the rhizobium bacteria enter(invade ) the root hair , after which an infection thread carries the rhizobium to cortex where nodules are formed .the bacteria are realised from the thread and they differentiate N2 fixing cells

242
Q

The nodules contain all the necessary biochemical components such as the enzyme ______ and ______.

A

NITROGENASE

Leg haemoglobin

243
Q

The enzyme NITOGENASE is a ___ PROTEIN.

A

Mo-Fe

244
Q

The first stable product of N2 fixation and the enzyme responsible for its formation ?

A

Ammonia

NITROGENASE

245
Q

The enzyme _____ is highly sensitive to atm oxygen .

A

NITROGENASE

246
Q

NITROGENASE req ___ condition .

A

Anaerobic

247
Q

The ______ have adaptations to ensure NITROGENASE is protected from oxygen .

A

Nodules -contains leghaem -o2 scavenger

248
Q

The microbes (for N2 fixation ,rhizobium) live as _____under free-living conditions but during N2 fixing events they become _____.

A

Aerobes(nitogenase is not operational )

Anaerobic

249
Q

Ammonia formation from nitrogenase req __input of energy . ____ ATP for each ammonia produced are req .

A

Very high

8

250
Q

The very high input of energy for the formation of ammonia from nitrogenase comes from _____.

A

Respiration of host cell

251
Q

Using nitrogenase enzyme ______molecules of ammonia are formed from ______ ATP .

A

2
16
(16 ADP , 1 N2 , 8e-)

252
Q

At _____ pH AMMONIA is______ to form ammonium ion NH4+.

A

Physiological

Protonated

253
Q

Most plants can assimilate both _____and _____ but _____ is toxic .

A

Nitrate
Ammonium ions NH4+
Ammonium ions NH4+

254
Q

Ammonium ions are quite toxic to plants and hence cannot _____ in them .

A

Accumulate

255
Q

____ is used to synthesise AMINO ACIDS in plants and why ?

A

Ammonium ions NH4+

Becoz they. Themselves cannot accumulate in plants being toxic

256
Q

NH4+ is used to synthesis _____ in plants.

A

Amino acids

257
Q

By how many ways NH4+ can synthesise amino acids ?

A

2
Reductive amination
Transamination

258
Q

In REDUCTIVE AMINATION ,ammonia reacts with ____ and forms ____.

A

Alpha-keto glutamic acid

Glutamic acid

259
Q

Enzyme used for the conversion of ammonia to glutamic acid (reductive transamination )

A

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Alpha-ketoglutaric acid + NH4+ +NADPH=glutamate + H2O+ NADP

260
Q

__involves the transfer of amino group (NH2) of one amino acid to the keto group of a keto acid .

A

Transamination

261
Q

_____ is the main amino acid from which the transfer of ____ group takes place to the ____ grp of a keto acid .

A

Glutamic acid
Amino grp(NH2)
Keto grp

262
Q

The enzyme _____ catalyses the transfer of amino grp to keto grp .

A

Transaminase

263
Q

In transamination _______ is amino donor and _____ is amino acceptor .

A

Amino acid

Keto grp of a keto acid

264
Q

After transamination ,____ is formed .

A

Zwitter ion. H
R2–C—COO-
NH3+

265
Q

The 2 most important AMIDES ___ and ___ found in plants are a structural part of proteins .

A

Asparagine

Glutamine

266
Q

amides are formed from ___.

A

Amino acids

By addition of another amino grp

267
Q

Asparagine and glutamic are _____ and are formed from ____namely ,_and____ by _______.

A 
Amides
2 amino acids 
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Addition of another amino acid to each
268
Q

Asparagine and glutamine are structural parts of __

A

Proteins

Amides

269
Q

The _____ part of acid is replaced by another ______(during the formation of amides from amino acids )

A

Hydroxyl

NH2- radicle

270
Q

_____contain more N2 than _____ . (Amides/amino acids)

A

Amides> amino acids

271
Q

Since ______contain more N2 , they are transported to other parts of plant via _____.

A

Amides

Xylem vessels

272
Q

Along with the TRANSPIRATION STREAM , the ____ of some plants export the FIXED N2 as _______ .

A

Nodules

Ureides

273
Q

Ureides have a HIGH ______ratio.

A

N2 to C

274
Q

Name a plant whose nodules export fixed N2 as UREIDES .

A

Soyabean

275
Q

Mg2+ is an activator of both -

A

RuBisCo

PEPcase

276
Q

Mg2+ is an activator for both RuBisCo

PEPcase which are critical enzymes in _______.

A

Photosynthetic carbon fixation

277
Q

_____ is an activator of alcohol dehydrogenase .

A

Zn2+

278
Q

____ is an activator of NITROGENASE during N2 metabolism .

A

Mo

Biology 2 (10 decks)

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