Plant Evolution Flashcards
What did all land plants evolve from
Green Algae
What is the closest relative to land plants
Charophytes
4 Characteristics that make a true plant
Alternation of Generations (w/ multicellular dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced and Sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical Meristems
What motivated plants to move onto land?
Abundance of CO2
Sunlight
No predation on land yet.
What pressures need to be adapted to for success on land
Gravity
Drying out
Soil was mostly gravel
What traits do the first land plants have
No true roots.
Swimming sperm
Sporopollenin
Cellulose cell walls
Define Karyogomy
Fusion of two nuclei
Define Gametophyte
creates gametes
Define Sporophyte
creates Spores
T/F Mitosis happens in both haploid and diploid stages
True
Where does sporopollenin exist
Sporopollenin is the wall for the spores
Where are spores found
Sporangia
What is the role of sporopollenin
keep spores from drying out.
Define Homosporous
Gametophyte produces sperm AND egg
Define heterosporous
Gametophyte produces EITHER sperm OR egg
Why do we have a good fossil record of plants
Sporopollenin is hard to break down.
T/F Mosses and liverworts are gravity and water dependent.
True
Characteristics of Bryophytes
No vascular tissue
mosses, liverworts and hornworts
How is the size of the gametophyte and sporophyte related to the evolution of plants?
As plants evolved the gametophyte shrunk in size and the sporophyte increased in size.
What is the dominate phase of bryophytes?
Gametophyte
mosses
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dependent in bryophytes?
Sporophyte
What is the dominant phase of angiosperm?
Sporophyte
flowering Plants
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dependent in angiosperm?
Gametophyte
Which produces egg, Antheridia or archegonia?
Archegonia
Which produces sperm, Antheridia or archegonia?
antheridia
Life cycle of plants?
Spore to gametophyte to (fertilization) to sporophyte
Which phases are haploid in a Bryophyte
Gametophyte
Which phases are diploid in a brophyte
Sporophyte
What is different from Ferns and Bryophytes
They have a vascular system
What is similar from ferns and bryophytes but different from other plants
They are seedless
Are ferns homosporous or heterosporous
Mostly Homosporous. (gametophyte makes both sperm and egg)
What is the dominant phase for ferns
Sporophyte
Which phase is diploid for ferns
Sporophyte
What phase is haploid for ferns
gametophyte
What are Lycophyta
club mosses
What are pterophyte
Ferns
What is true for all vascular plants
Dominant sporophyte phase,
Flagellated sperm
Xylem and phloem
Which direction do phloem move material
down
What material do phloem move
organic material and sugar
what direction do xylem move material
up
what material do xylem move
nutrients and water
When were the first vascular plants observed in the fossil record
420 mya
What were the first roots like for land plants
not very deep
What is the result of early root plants
Fossil fuels.
Phylum order (oldest to newest) for plant evolution
Charophytes, bryophytes, lycophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
What do we observe in phylogeny of leaves with lycophytes and pteridophytes
The evolved independently. (The common ancestor did not have leaves. Analogous evolution)
How does transgenic mutations happen with plants
Pathogens and viruses
