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Biol 1620 > Plant Evolution > Flashcards

Plant Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What did all land plants evolve from

A

Green Algae

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2
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants

A

Charophytes

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3
Q

4 Characteristics that make a true plant

A

Alternation of Generations (w/ multicellular dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced and Sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Apical Meristems

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4
Q

What motivated plants to move onto land?

A

Abundance of CO2
Sunlight
No predation on land yet.

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5
Q

What pressures need to be adapted to for success on land

A

Gravity
Drying out
Soil was mostly gravel

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6
Q

What traits do the first land plants have

A

No true roots.
Swimming sperm
Sporopollenin
Cellulose cell walls

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7
Q

Define Karyogomy

A

Fusion of two nuclei

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8
Q

Define Gametophyte

A

creates gametes

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9
Q

Define Sporophyte

A

creates Spores

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10
Q

T/F Mitosis happens in both haploid and diploid stages

A

True

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11
Q

Where does sporopollenin exist

A

Sporopollenin is the wall for the spores

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12
Q

Where are spores found

A

Sporangia

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13
Q

What is the role of sporopollenin

A

keep spores from drying out.

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14
Q

Define Homosporous

A

Gametophyte produces sperm AND egg

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15
Q

Define heterosporous

A

Gametophyte produces EITHER sperm OR egg

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16
Q

Why do we have a good fossil record of plants

A

Sporopollenin is hard to break down.

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17
Q

T/F Mosses and liverworts are gravity and water dependent.

A

True

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18
Q

Characteristics of Bryophytes

A

No vascular tissue

mosses, liverworts and hornworts

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19
Q

How is the size of the gametophyte and sporophyte related to the evolution of plants?

A

As plants evolved the gametophyte shrunk in size and the sporophyte increased in size.

20
Q

What is the dominate phase of bryophytes?

A

Gametophyte

mosses

21
Q

Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dependent in bryophytes?

A

Sporophyte

22
Q

What is the dominant phase of angiosperm?

A

Sporophyte

flowering Plants

23
Q

Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dependent in angiosperm?

A

Gametophyte

24
Q

Which produces egg, Antheridia or archegonia?

A

Archegonia

25
Q

Which produces sperm, Antheridia or archegonia?

A

antheridia

26
Q

Life cycle of plants?

A

Spore to gametophyte to (fertilization) to sporophyte

27
Q

Which phases are haploid in a Bryophyte

A

Gametophyte

28
Q

Which phases are diploid in a brophyte

A

Sporophyte

29
Q

What is different from Ferns and Bryophytes

A

They have a vascular system

30
Q

What is similar from ferns and bryophytes but different from other plants

A

They are seedless

31
Q

Are ferns homosporous or heterosporous

A

Mostly Homosporous. (gametophyte makes both sperm and egg)

32
Q

What is the dominant phase for ferns

A

Sporophyte

33
Q

Which phase is diploid for ferns

A

Sporophyte

34
Q

What phase is haploid for ferns

A

gametophyte

35
Q

What are Lycophyta

A

club mosses

36
Q

What are pterophyte

A

Ferns

37
Q

What is true for all vascular plants

A

Dominant sporophyte phase,
Flagellated sperm
Xylem and phloem

38
Q

Which direction do phloem move material

A

down

39
Q

What material do phloem move

A

organic material and sugar

40
Q

what direction do xylem move material

A

up

41
Q

what material do xylem move

A

nutrients and water

42
Q

When were the first vascular plants observed in the fossil record

A

420 mya

43
Q

What were the first roots like for land plants

A

not very deep

44
Q

What is the result of early root plants

A

Fossil fuels.

45
Q

Phylum order (oldest to newest) for plant evolution

A

Charophytes, bryophytes, lycophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

46
Q

What do we observe in phylogeny of leaves with lycophytes and pteridophytes

A

The evolved independently. (The common ancestor did not have leaves. Analogous evolution)

47
Q

How does transgenic mutations happen with plants

A

Pathogens and viruses

Biol 1620 (12 decks)

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