Plant Diversity Vascular Plants

Question 1

Vascular Plants
Plant successes
-Water conservation systems:
-____________
-____________
-Vascular systems

Answer 1

-waxy cuticle
-stomata

Question 2

Vascular Plants
-Xylem
-Conduct ______ and minerals from _____
*Flow is “_______” only
-Dead hollow stacks of cells
*WATER
-Phloem
-Conduct ______ and nutrients throughout plant
*__________ flow
-Live tube for transport
-Lignin
-________ cell walls of xylem
-provides _____ resistance
*structural support

Answer 2

-water
-roots
-sucrose
-bidirectional
-strengthen
-decay

Question 3

Vascular Plants
-Sporophyte is _________ generation
-______ and ______ (than nonvascular plants)

Answer 3

-dominant
-taller
-larger

Question 4

Eukaryotic Diversity: Plants
Plant Diversity
A. Nonvascular plants (seedless) _________ (1.)
B. Vascular Plants
1. Seedless vascular plants (2.)
2. Seed plants
a. Gymnosperms (3.)
b. Angiosperms (4.)

Answer 4

-bryophyte

Question 5

Seedless Vascular Plants
like _________:
-reproduce sexually, release _______
-flagellated sperm(limited to _____ areas)
like _______ plants:
-sporophyte _________ from gametophyte
-well developed vascular tissue

Answer 5

-bryophytes
-spores
-moist
-seeded
-separates

Question 6

Spore-dispersed Plants
-________ dispersion by spores
Advantages of spores
-Cheap, small, ___________ investment
-Produced in __________ numbers
-Can result in high number of _________
Disadvantages
-_________, most spores unsuccessful
-must land on good moist soil
-low resource to support growing _________

Answer 6

-seedless
-low resource
-very high
-offspring
-wasteful
-gametophyte

Question 7

Seedless Vascular Plants
-Appeared _____ mya (earliest seedless vascular)
Fossil fuels=coal=organic remains
300 mya Great Swamp Forest existed
Seedless vascular plants __________

Answer 7

-427
-dominated

Question 8

Seedless Vascular Plants
Club Mosses
Division Lycophyta
-1,000 species
-Formerly very _____ in size: >30m, now: <30cm
-Now: all herbaceous
-Formerly _______
-Relicts of ________ vascular plants

Answer 8

-large
-woody
-earliest

Question 9

Seedless Vascular Plants
Horsetails (Division Sphenophyta)
-15 species
-Rhizome produces tall aerial ______
-Whorls of slender, _____ branches
-Small, scalelike _______ at joints
-___________ for over 300 million years
-_______ protect spores

Answer 9

-stems
-green
-leaves
-unchanged
-elaters

Question 10

Seeded Vascular Plants
Whisk Ferns
(Division Psilophyta)
-12 species
-Many extinct species known
-Lacks roots and leaves!
*________ of seedless vascular plants
-_________ photosynthetic
-________(fake roots)

Answer 10

-simplest
-branches
-rhizome

Question 11

Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
(Division Pterophyta)
-_______ species (___% in tropics)
-Small floating ferns to large tree-like ferns

Answer 11

-12,000
-75%

Question 12

Ferns
-True roots, stems, and leaves
-Sporophyte separate from gametophyte
-Large conspicuous fronds (_______)
-Divided into leaflets
-Fiddlehead (________ frond)

Answer 12

-leaves
-young

Question 13

Ferns: Fronds with sporangia on __________
_____: clusters of sporangia
-Prothalus: heart-shaped ____________
-Rhizoids as an anchor
-Antheridium and archegonium

Answer 13

-underside
-sori
-gametophyte

Question 14

Gymnosperms
The “____________” Plants
-Arose in _____________ period (360-300 mya)
-Radiated during __________ period (300-250 mya)
-Mesozoic Era: age of the ___________ and ___________
-Range from tropical forests to deserts
-Mostly found in cool temperate zones in N. and S. hemispheres

Answer 14

-Naked Seed
-Carboniferous
-Permian
-dinosaurs
-gymnosperms

Question 15

Seed:
*_________ sporophyte, _____________, seed coat (protection)
-Develops from “______” gametophyte
Pollen:
-Immature male ___________

Answer 15

-Embryo
-food reserves
-female
-gametophyte

Question 16

Gymnosperms
-Heterosporous
-Sharp __________ between male microspores (pollen grains) and female megaspores
-Pollen grain contains entire male gametophyte, including sperm

Answer 16

-differences

Question 17

Four divisions of extant gymnosperms
-Cycads
-________
-Gnetophytes
-_________

Answer 17

-Gingko
-Conifers

Question 18

Cycads
(division Cycadophyta):
185 species
-short, palm-like trees
-unbranched
-________ per tree, either ____________
-**Dioecious: male and female structures on ___________
-Flourished during Mesozoic (with dinosaurs)
-Monoecious: Male and female structures on __________

Answer 18

-1 cone
-male of female
-different plants
-same plants

Question 19

Gingkos
(division Gingkophyta)
-___surviving species (Gingko biloba)
-unchanged for ____ million years
-________, some trees produce seeds and other produce pollen
-_____ trees typically planted

Answer 19

-1
-200
-Dioceous
-male

(female plants smelly and have the fruit)
-do well in polluted place

Question 20

Ginkgo biloba
-considered ______ ______
-improve mental functioning, ability to concentrate, and circulation of blood
-Chinese believe: strengthen lungs, kidneys, relieves coughs, improves circulation

Answer 20

-oldest living tree

Question 21

Gnetophytes
(division Gnetophyta)
-___ species
-____ genera (very different from each other)
-Ephedra (35), Gnetum (30), and Welwitschia (1)
-Welwitchia mirabilis Africa
Some > _____ years old
Most below ground (>meter)

Answer 21

-70
-three
-1,500

Question 22

Ephedra sinica
Dietary supplement promoted to accelerate metabolism= _________

Answer 22

weightloss

Question 23

Conifers
(Division Pinophyta)
-550 species (__% of gymnosperms)
-________ bearer
-Tough, _________ leaves
-Water conservation
-thick cuticle, recessed ___________
-___________ important for their wood, resins, and tannins
-Ex. pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, junipers, cypresses, redwoods

Answer 23

-80%
-cone
-needlelike
-stomata
-economically

Question 24

Female Cones:
-__________ seed bearing cone
-Produces ovule (megaspore, female gametophyte with archegonia and eggs)
Male Cones:
-___________, inconspicuous, lower branches
-Produces microspores (give rise to pollen grains with two non-motile sperms)

Answer 24

-larger
-small

Question 25

Pine seed
1. Sporophyte: _________
2. Two cone types-
-____________ containing microsporocytes
-_____________ (within ovule) contain megasporocytes
3. _______- and _______sporocytes undergo meiosis
4. Four microspores and four megaspores produced
One megasporocyte develops in megagametophyte (egg)
5. Pollen grain pollinates megagametophyte
6. _______________

Answer 25

-diploid
-microsporangia
-megasporangia
-micro and mega
-fertilization