Kingdom Fungi

Question 1

What is a Fungus?
-Eukaryotic
-Heterotrophic
-Lack __________
-Obtains nutrients by ________
-Reproduce by _________
-Glycogen- _______ storage
-Most multicellular, few unicellular (_____)
- >80,000 species described
-Estimate up to ___ _______ species

Answer 1

-chlorophyll
-absorption
-spores
-energy
-yeast
-1.5 million

Question 2

Modes of nutrition
Despite their diversity, fungi share some key traits:
-Heterotrophs, but do not ________ their food
-Secret digestive ________ into surroundings that break down molecules. Then, they absorb the smaller _________ compounds
-Diverse lifestyles exhibited by fungi:
-Decomposers
-Mutualistic symbionts
-Parasites (invade living ____ cells and absorb nutrients ________)

Answer 2

-ingest
-enzymes
-organic
-host
-directly

Question 3

Are Fungi more closely related to plants or animals?
animals
-move
-not attached to ground
-no cell walls (chitin exoskeleton)
-heterotrophic
-oxygen
-energy storage: glycogen
plants
-dont move
-grow up from ground
-cell walls (cellulose)
-autotrophic
-carbon dioxide & oxygen
-energy storage: starch
Fungi
-_____ _______
-grow up from ground
-cell walls ________
-heterotrophic
-________
-energy reserve: ___________

Fungi are most closely related to _________!

Answer 3

-dont move
-chitin
-oxygen
-glycogen
-animals

Question 4

Structure of Fungi
Fungal cells different from plant cells, fungi:
-_____ chloroplasts (plants: chloroplasts)
-Cell wall: _____ (plant cell wall: _________)
-energy reserve is _________ (plants: ______)
-some animals possess exoskeleton of chitin
-energy reserve in animals is glycogen

Answer 4

-lack
-chitin
-cellulose
-glycogen
-starch

Question 5

Structure of Fungi
-Mycelium: a mass of connected _______, increase surface area for nutrient absorption
-___ ____ of multicellular fungi (in soil, wood, host)
-what we see above ground (i.e. mushrooms, toadstools) are the ________ structures

Answer 5

-hyphae
-main body
-reproductive

Question 6

Fungal Reproduction
-many fungi can reproduce sexually or asexually
-produce ___ _____ of spores
-spores are very small
-can be carried long distances
-suspended in air for a long time, can spread rapidly
-if they land in acceptable area, will germinate and produce new mycelia

Answer 6

-high number

Question 7

Asexual reproduction
-Many fungi reproduce _________
-grow as old on fruit, bread and other foods
-clones produced by mitotic production of spores
-Yeasts (_______ fungi) can reproduce asexually by simple ___ ________

Answer 7

-asexually
-unicellular
-cell division

Question 8

Chytridiomycota
-Chytrid found in aquatic or terrestrial habitats
-decomposers or parasitic
-some chytrid live symbiotically in the ___ __ _________
-can digest cellulose and lignin of plants eaten by sheep, cow, elephants)
-some are animal pathogens and attack keratin on _______ ____
-amphibian decline worldwide
-causes suffocation
-affect animal behavior
-Unique to other fungi, produce flagellated spores called _________

Answer 8

-gut of herbivores
-amphibian skin
-zoospores

Question 9

Zygomycetes
-_____ species
-high diversity of life histories
-_____ in soil, dead plant materials, decomposing organic materials
-include some of the ________ growing fungi (ex. ____ _____)
-used to produce tempeh (fermented soybeans)
-Some species are plant/animal pathogens

Answer 9

-1,000
-thrive
-fastest
-bread molds

Question 10

Zygomycetes reproduction
-_____ reproduction more common
-produce stalks, tip contains bulbous sporangia (each can produce up to _______ spores)
-hyphae ________ food & absorb nutrients
-spores disperse when nutrients deplete

Answer 10

-asexual
-10,000
-penetrate

Question 11

Ascomycetes
-Over 64,000 species, make up ____% of known fungi
-Include many __________ important fungi: morels, bread/alcohol _____, truffles
-Penecillium chrysogenum (used to make Penicillin ________)
-Also include plant pathogens (chestnut blight)
*Digest resistant materials (cellulose, lignin)

Answer 11

-75
-economically
-yeast
-antibiotic

Question 12

Ascomycetes Reproduction
-sac and cup fungi referring to ascocarp (fruiting body)
-spores produce internally in sac (ascus)
-ascus: fingerlike sac that develops during ____ reproduction
-some are unicellular _______ that reproduce asexually by ________

Answer 12

-sexual
-yeasts
-budding

Question 13

Basidiomycetes
-over _______ species
-defined by clublike structure (a basidium) a transient diploid stage in life cycle
-important _________ of wood and other plant material
-include many ______ mushrooms (portabello, button mushrooms) (gills)
-shelf and jelly fungi, molds, mycorrhizae, some poisonous or hallucinogenic, some cause disease in animals and plants

Answer 13

-31,000
-decomposers
-edible

Question 14

Basidiomycetes
-cap and stalk make up only a _______ of total mass
-fruiting body= basidiocarp
-basidiospores produced in ____
-spores produce externally at end of specialized cells (basidia)

Answer 14

-fraction
-gills

Question 15

Deuteromycota
Asexual fungis
-also called imperfect fungi
-not a true group, refers to _________ reproducing members of ascomycota and basidiomycota
-antibiotic penicillin discovered from colony of Penecillium fungi
-________ cheese, alcohol, soy sauce
-Can cause:
-respiratory tract infections
-athlete’s foot
-yeast infections
-blights and rots on plants

Answer 15

-asexually
-ferments

Alexander Fleming by accident eating- spores fell onto petridish

Question 16

Symbiosis
Fungi involved in symbiotic relationships with organisms of ________ _____
___________- when both species benefit

Answer 16

-different species
-mutualistic

Question 17

Lichens
-often mistaken as mosses
-partnership of fungus and _______ organism
*Fungus + _____ (cyanobacteria)
-resistant to _________, can survive extended periods without water, can break down rocks for soil
-do not tolerate ________ well, may be absent in cities, indicators of environment quality– cities more polluted

Answer 17

-photosynthetic
-algae
-desiccation (drying out)
-pollution

Fungi gets nutrients, algae gets protection

“Freddy fungi and alice algae had a lichen; but now their relationship is on the rocks”

Question 18

Mycorrhizae
-fungi that live on plant ______ (found in __% of plant families)
-hyphae increase absorptive surface area of plant roots
-plants able to absorb more ____ and _______ because of fungus
-fungi receives ______ from plant
-also helps to maintain soil structure, preventing erosion

Answer 18

-roots
-90%
-water
-nutrients
-sugars

Question 19

Leaf cutter ants & fungi
-leaf cutter ants are _______
-grow basidiomycete fungi underground
-ants cut leaves to fertilize their _____ ______ and protect them from pathogens and predators
-the ants maintain their fungal gardens and eat the fungi as a ____ ______

Answer 19

-farmers
-fungi crops
-food source

Question 20

Fungi and Health Issues
Fungi can cause health issues in humans by:
1. Allergens that trigger immune responses
2. Direct infection, usually of ____ __ _____ (mycoses)
-ex. __________, athlete’s foot, vaginal yeast infections
3.Produce toxins that are _______

Answer 20

-skin or nail
-ringworm
-ingested

Question 21

What are some familiar examples of fungi?
Yeasts, molds (food, cloth, paper, leather), mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, truffles, morels, plant pathogens, animal pathogens

Why are fungi important?
Environmentally:
-Decomposition. Keeps the _____ _____ going
-Mutualists with ___% of plant roots (mycorrizhal)
-Tree ________ (dutch elm disease, chestnut blight, whitebark pine blister rust)

For humans:
-Crop disease. (especially wheat, corn, barley, rice) - costs ______
-Spoilage of food (vegetables, fruits, grains)
-On wood, timber. (houses, telephone poles, porches, boats, etc)
-Yeasts- making bread, beer, wine, alcohol
-Medical fungi
-fungal diseases- on. the rise, often misdiagnosed. Many AIDS patients die from ____ _______
-antibiotics- penicillin, cephalosporins produce by _____
-cyclosporin- for organ transplants, immunosuppressant
-bioprospecting- looking for new medication

Answer 21

-carbon cycle
-90%
-diseases
-billions
-fungal infections
-fungi