Angiosperms Flashcards
Angiosperms
Phylum: Anthophyta
-____________ plants
-____________ group of plants (____% of al plants)
-350,000 species!
-_____________ Earth for >____ million years
-Became dominant plant group in late ___________ Period
-Diverse in sizes, shapes, habitats, growth habits, nutrition
-flowering
-largest
-85
-dominated
-100
-Cretaceous
Phylum: Anthophyta
-Exact _________________ is debated
-Some hypothesize ____________ Period (200-145 mya)
-Or __________ (250-200 mya)
-Angiosperm pollen found from as far back as 240 mya
-time of origin
-Jurassic
-Triassic
Basal Angiosperms
Diagnostic features:
-Pollen has ______ groove
-Seeds with _____ cotyledons (some)
*Magnoliales (magnolids)
-_______ group
-ex. magnolias, laurels, avocados, peppercorn, cinnamon
*Austrobaileyales - star anise
*Nympaeles- ___________
*Amborella
*Closest living relative of ______ flowering plants
-single
-3+
-largest
-water lilies
-first
Monocots and Dicots (eudicots)
A.) Monocots
-___ cotyledon (______________)
-Pollen has _______ groove
-Flower parts in ___’s or multiples of ___’s
*_________ leaf venation
-Vascular bundles scattered in stem
-__________ species
-ex. _________, palms, orchids, _________
-1
-seed leaf
-single
-3, 3
-parallel
-65,000
-grasses
-onions
Monocots and Dicots(2)
B.) Dicots
-___ cotyledons per seed
-Pollen has ___ grooves
-Flower parts in ___’s or __’s of multiples
*_____ leaf venation
*Vascular tissues or bundles in _________ arrangement
-_________ species
-ex. legumes, hardwood trees, fruit trees
-2
-3
-4, 5
-net
-circular
-200,000
Flower Structures
*Peduncle (_____________) expands at tip into a ___________ -Bears sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
*Calyx (layer)
-collection of ______
-_______ flower bud before it opens
*Corolla (layer)
-Collection of _______
-Usually colorful
-_______ pollinators
*Perianth:
-Calyx + Corolla
-Tepals: when sepals and petals are _____ together (lilies)
-Flower stalk
-receptacle
-sepals
-protects
-petals
-attract
-fused
Flower Structures:
*Stamen (male) Whorl 3
-Anther (contains _______)
-Filament (________)
*Carpel/Pistil (female) Whorl 4
-Ovary- swollen base
-_______
-Style- elevates stigma
-Stigma- _______ receptor of ___________
-pollen
-stalk
-fruit
-sticky
-pollen grains
**Perfect flower:
Flower with ______ male and female parts
**Imperfect flower:
A flower that has only male parts or only female parts
-staminate: _____ flower (pollen)
-pistillate: _______ flowers (no pollen, only has ovary)
-both
-male
-female
Flowering Plant Life Cycle
1. Sporophyte (2N) consist of:
Carpel: stigma, style, ovary (_____ reproductive structures)
Stamen: anther, filament (______ reproductive structure)
2. Anther comprised of many ___________
Pollen sacs comprised of many microsporocytes
Ovary comprised of an ______(megasporangium, megasporocyte)
Meiosis:
Megasporocytes (2N) —meiosis—> 4 megaspores (1N)
(___ disintegrate)
(___ functional)
Microsporocyte (2N) —meiosis—> 4 microspores (1N)
3. (Gametophyte generation) Functional megaspore –mitosis–> mature megagametophyte __________ (N)
Microspores —mitosis–> microgametophyte (pollen)
-generative cell
-tube cell
4. Pollination (transfer of pollen grains to the stigma)
sperm cell:
*tube cell —-> pollen tube grows toward the egg
*generative cell –mitosis–> 2 sperm cells (w/o flagella)
5. Fertilization
*sperm #1 and egg fuse to form a ________(2N)
*sperm #2 unites with _______ (3N)= ___________
*________________ (unique to __________)
6. Flower dies (completed its purpose=__________)
-Zygote develops into the seed (_______/________)
-_______ wall develops into fruit and covers seeds
-female
-male
-pollen sacs
-ovule
-3
-1
-8 nuclei
-zygote
-polar nuclei
-endosperm
-double fertilization
-reproduction
-embryo/endosperm
-ovary
Pollination
2 types of pollination:
*Self-pollination: when pollen from an anther reaches stigma of _____________
*Cross-pollination: when pollen from an anther reaches stigma of ___________
-same flower
-another flower
Pollination
*Many angiosperms ___________ with pollinator (insects, bats, birds)
-Plants make ________________ to attract animal pollinators (i.e. nectar, pollen, prospect of sex, etc.)
-Animals pick up ________ from male parts, transfer to female reproductive parts
-coevolved
-big investments
-pollen
Pollination
*Big investments to attract animal pollinators
*Prospect of sex (________________)
-pollen and nectar
-pseudocopulation
Pollination Syndromes (characteristics evolved together)
Bats and moths:
-nighttime pollinators
-intensely ______ smelling
-______, pale petals
Birds:
-daytime pollinators
-flowers are _____ and _______
-good _______, poor sense of ______
-_____ fragrance
Beetles and flies:
-flowers smell like _______ meat, ______, decaying matter
Bees:
-see _____________ light
-flowers have _______ odors
-flowers ________, ______, _______
-sweet
-white
-red
-yellow
-vision
-smell
-low
-rotten
-dung
-ultraviolet
-sweet
-yellow, blue, purple
Pollination Syndromes
-Wind-pollinated flowers usually ____________
-make big investments in ________
-________ fan out to easily catch pollen
-Fruits protect and aid in _________
-Utilize wind, gravity, water, and animals for dispersal
-Seeds have adaptations like stickers, hooks, fuzz to adhere to _________
(ex. cockleburs (by animals), coconut palm (by water), milkweed (by wind)
-not showy
-pollen
-stigmas
-seed dispersal
-animals
Fruit = “______________”
purpose: protects ______, dispersal aid
Layers of a Fruit:
*exocarp: outermost layer
*mesocarp: middle “______” layer
*endocarp: inner layer
-Some fruits do not include a mesocarp
-Usually eat the ________________
-mature ovary
-seed
-fleshy
-mesocarp and/or exocarp (grapes, apples)
