Plant Diversity Flashcards
Most ancestral group of plants
Bryophytes
most live in damp (forest floor) and/or inhospitable (tundra) environments– rely on water for reproduction, but tolerant to drying out
Bryophytes habitat
Bryophytes lack _________ in their cell walls
Lignin
there are more than _________ species of bryophytes
25,000
Liverworts most likely appeared ________ years ago
450 million
Liverworts are most closely related to the
plant ancestor that moved to land
Hornworts emerge from the _________
gametophyte
Thalus, stem, photosynthetic leaf-like structures, rhizoid
vegetative organs are part of haploid gametophyte
vophg
flagellated swimming male gametes, embryo attached to parent for protection and nourishment, sporophyte is very small, produces haploid spores by meiosis
reproductive diploid sporohyte (rds)
what makes up many of the non-vascular plants?
bryophytes proper (the mosses)
leaf-like green, flat structures
- simple midrib
- no stomata (but sporophyte does)
- no vascular tissue, but a primitive
- attached in a spiral to a central stalk
-absorb water & nutrients
Structure of bryophytes proper
stalk has a ____________ system that carries water and nutrients
primitive conductive
anchor to soil, rock, bark, etc
rhizoids
sporophyte is _______
dominant
moves water, minerals, and soluble signaling molecules
Xylem
Transports sugars, proteins, and solutes
Phloem with sieve elements
Transfers water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the plant, stabilizes and anchor
Root system
improved photosynthetic efficiency, increased surface area (greater sunlight energy capture)
True leaves
leaves modified for sporangia: fronds, strobili (cones) and flowers
Sporophyllis
Trees & swamp forests of the Carboniferous period.
Lycophyes: earliest seedless vascular plants
L: escvp
quilworts, spike mosses, club mosses
Small evergreen plants (lycophyes)
(sep)
a stem (which may be branched) and a microphylls
what lychophytes consist of
Trees & swamp forests of the Carboniferous period
Equisetum - The horesetails
E-th
Horsetails are usually found ________
in damp environments and marshes
stems with nodes, needle shaped leaves
structure of horsetails
leaves & branches as whorls from the evenly spaced rings
Nodes
underground stems that
anchor the plants to the ground
Rhizomes
lack both roots, leaves & vascular tissue
photosynthesis occurs in the green stem
psilophytes - the whisk ferns
small yellow knobs form
at the tip of the branch stem
Sporangia
__________ have undergone evolutionary reduction
psilophytes
a process by which
natural selection reduces the size of a
structure that is no longer favorable in a
particular environment
evolutionary reduction
dominant stage of the life cycle of a fern is the
sporophyte
live in damp, shaded environments
true ferns
large compound leaves (divided or lobed)
fronds
fronds carry ________ on their undersides
reproductive organs
groups of sporangia
sori
__________ release spores into the air
sporangia
spores germinate into ________ (the gametophyte)
prothallus
earliest distinct seed plans
fossils
_________ develop into female gametophytes that produce eggs
megaspores
the seed protects the ______
embryo
_______ mature into male gametophytes that generate sperm
mircrospores
______ is encase in a protective coat
pollen
what prevents desiccation and mechanical damage?
pollen
Arose in the carboniferous period (359-299 mya)
Gymnosperms
________ pollinate by wind
gymnosperms
________ have naked seeds that are not enclosed in ovary
gymnosperms
________ have adapted to live with seasonally scarce fresh water
gymnosperms
_________ continue low levels of photosynthesis during winter
evergreen conifers
were prevalent in the mesozoic era (251-65.5 mya)
cycads
less than 100 species remain
cycads
live in mild climates
cycads
large, compound leaves and large cones
cycads
only one surviving species
Ginko
fan shaped leaves with dichotomous venation pattern
ginkos
deciduous and dioecious
ginkos
live at high altitudes and cold climates
Conifers
adaptations for cold and dry weather
conifers
most are tall trees with scale-like or needle-like leaves
Conifers
limits water loss through transpiration, decreasing breaking of branches due to show
scale-like or needle-like leaves
pines, spruces, firs, sequoias, cedars, and junipers, yews, some deciduous-larch and tamarack
Evergreens
the closest relatives to modern angiosperms
Gnetophytes
broad leaves and angiosperm-like xylem
Gnetophytes
Ephedra SW North America- small, scale-lik leaves
Ephedrine
tropical/suptropical vines
Gnetum
Welwitschia
low-growing desert plant in Namibia and Angola that lives up to 2000 years
________ evolved from gnetophyte ancestor - 202-145.5 mya during Jurassic
Flower plants
________ became dominant plants by the mid-Cretaceous (145.5 - 65.5 mya)
flower plants
________ have cooperative evolutionary relationships with animals to dispose their pollen to female gametophytes in a highly targeted way
flower
a group of plants that branched off before the separation into monocots and eudicots
Basal angiosperms
margnoliidae are represented by________
magnolias
small trees and shrubs that grow mostly in warmer climates
Laurales
freshwater aquatic with floating leaves
Nymphaeles
small flowers without petals that are tightly arranged in long spikes
Piperales
One Cotyledon, veins in leaves, scattered vascular tissues, mostly adventitious root network, monosulcate pollen, three or multiple of three flower parts
Monocot
Two cotyledons, branched veins, vascular tissues arranged in ring patterns, tap root and lateral roots, trisulcate/triporate pollen, four-five or multiples of four or five flower parts
Eudicot
