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SCI 102 - Biology > Inheritance and Genetics > Flashcards

Inheritance and Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the transmission of traits from parents to
offspring

A

Heredity

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2
Q

the scientific study of heredity

A

Genetics

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3
Q

a heritable feature that varies among individuals
within a population

A

Character

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4
Q

a variant of a character found within a
population.

A

Trait

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5
Q

the expressed traits of an organism

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

the genetic information for a particular trait

A

Genotype

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7
Q

the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more
inherited traits; an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes.

A

Hybrid

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8
Q

aka hybridization; the cross-fertilization of two different varieties of an organism or of two different species.

A

Cross

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9
Q

parental; the individuals acting as parents from which
offspring are derived in studies of inheritance

A

P Generation

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10
Q

first filial; the offspring of two parental (P generation)
individuals.

A

F1 Generation

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11
Q

second filial; the offspring of the F1 generation.

A

F2 Generation

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12
Q

a mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus.
Inheritance of only one character is studied

A

Monohybrid Cross

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13
Q

the unit of inheritance; a segment of DNA that encodes a protein sequence

A

Gene

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14
Q

alternative versions of genes that account for variations in inherited characters

A

Allele

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15
Q

having two identical alleles for a gene

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

having two different alleles for a gene

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the
phenotype with respect to a particular gene

A

Dominant Alleles

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18
Q

in heterozygotes, the allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype.

A

Recessive Allele

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19
Q

a trait or allele that is most common in nature.

A

wild type

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20
Q

the full complement of genes encoded by an organisms DNA

A

Genome

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21
Q

Before Mendell, scientists incorrectly believed that the process of inheritance involved _________

A

Continuous variation

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22
Q
  • Parents pass on to their offspring discrete inheritable factors
  • genes retain their individual identities generation after generation
    -genes may be sorted, but retains their intact identities
A

Discontinuous Variation

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23
Q

Parental genes are randomly separated
to the sex cells so that sex cells contain only one
gene of the pair. Offspring therefore inherit one
genetic allele from each parent when sex cells
unite in fertilization

A

Law of Segregation

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24
Q

genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another

A

Law of independent assortment

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25
Q

when a trait is the result of the expression of
several genes.

A

Polygenic inheritance

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26
Q

genes located near each other on the same
chromosome that tend to travel together during
meiosis and fertilization. They are often inherited as a set

A

Linked Genes

27
Q

a gene located on a sex chromosome. The
human X chromosome contains approximately
1,100 genes, whereas the Y chromosome
contains only 78, about half of which are
expressed only in the testes

A

Sex-linked Gene

28
Q

Genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization
accounts for inheritance patterns. Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis and thus account for Mendel’s laws.

A

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

29
Q

A pair of two nearly identical chromosomes,
each of which consists of two identical sister chromatids after chromosome duplication and carries possibly different versions of the same genes

A

Homologous Chromosome

30
Q

autosomes, a chromosome not directly
involved in determining the sex of an organism

A

Autosomal Chromosomes

31
Q

determine an organism’s sex (male versus female). In
mammals, males have one X chromosome and one Y
chromosome

A

Sex Chromosome

32
Q

Having pairs of homologous chromosomes. somatic cells; 2n

A

Diploid

33
Q

having a set of single chromosomes with only one chromosome of each pair of homologous chromosomes; gametes; 1n.

A

Haploid

34
Q

it is the process of cell division that produces haploid gametes from diploid cells within the reproductive organs of a sexually reproducing organism

A

Meiosis

35
Q

There are ____ nuclear and cytoplasmic
division(s) in meiosis

A

2

36
Q

There are ______ duplication(s) of DNA with ________ nuclear division(s) in Meiosis

A

2, 1

37
Q

Chromosomes duplicate, Homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids separate

A

Meiosis occurs in gametes

38
Q

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

Meiosis I

39
Q

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II and Cytokinesis

A

Meiosis II

40
Q

There are two possibilities that are equally likely, so the four possible types of gametes will be made in approximately equal numbers

A

Independent assortment

41
Q

DNA duplication → nuclear division (mitosis) + cell division (cytokinesis) → offspring that are identical to parent

A

Asexual reproduction

42
Q

Asexual reproduction occurs in which kingdoms?

A

Bacteria and Arhaea

43
Q

DNA duplication → 2× nuclear divisions (meiosis) + cell divisions (cytokinesis) → fertilization → offspring that are not identical to parents

A

Sexual Reproduction

44
Q

if parent is successful, offspring
maybe not so
▶ requires another organism of the
opposite sex
▶ slower than asexual reproduction

A

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

45
Q

sources of variation that are not
mutation
1. meiosis
2. fertilization

A

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

46
Q

Meiosis reduces the resulting gametes’ chromosome number by half from __________ to ___________

A

diploid to haploid

47
Q

the joining of two haploid gametes, restores the
diploid condition.

A

fertilization

48
Q

duplication or loss of entire chromosomes, changes in the number of complete sets of chromosomes that occur when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

49
Q

zygotes missing any one copy of an autosome;
usually fail to develop to birth due to missing essential genes

A

autosomal monosomies

50
Q

zygotes with an extra copy of an autosome;
usually fail to develop to birth; for some of the smaller chromosomes (13, 15, 18, 21, or 22); an excess in gene dose & offspring that survive for several weeks – many years

A

autosomal trisomies

51
Q

born a girl but express developmental delays and reduced fertility

A

triplo-X

52
Q

a type of Klinefelter Syndrome ; a boy with small testes, enlarged breasts, and reduced body hair. The extra X chromosome undergoes inactivation to compensate for the excess genetic dosage

A

XXY

53
Q

Jacobs Syndrome often few noticeable phenotypic differences, boy with macroorchidism, tall, macrocephaly (abnormally
large head), & hypertelorism (increased distance between two body parts, typically the eyes); more likely than to be diagnosed with asthma, autism spectrum disorder, & seizures. Some are infertile

A

XYY

54
Q

Turner Syndrome, girl with short stature, webbed skin in the neck region, hearing and cardiac impairments, and sterility

A

X0

55
Q

extra copy of part of a chromosome

A

partial duplication

56
Q

loss of several genes with a section of a chromosome

A

deletion

57
Q

the detachment, 180° rotation, and reinsertion of part of a chromosome

A

inversion

58
Q

a segment of a chromosome dissociates and
reattaches to a different, non-homologous chromosome

A

translocation

59
Q

the exchange of chromosome segments between two non-homologous chromosomes such that there is no gain or loss of genetic information

A

reciprocal translocation

60
Q

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments, pairs of homologous chromosomes line up, pairs of homologous chromosomes split up, Two haploid cells from, chromosomes are still doubled

A

Meiosis I description

61
Q

The sister chromatids finally separate, four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes

A

Meiosis II description

62
Q

Homologous (non-sister) chromatids exchange corresponding segments, remaining attached at the crossover points. Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres

A

Crossing over in meiosis I

63
Q

Recombinant chromosomes combine genetics information originally derived from different parents

A

crossing over in meiosis II

64
Q

an organism with alternate forms of a
gene will express the form that is dominant.

A

Law of Dominance

SCI 102 - Biology (8 decks)

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