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SCI 102 - Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

The genetic change in a population or species over generations

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Evolutionary processes work at the __________ level

A

Population

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3
Q

___________ is the ongoing process through which the characteristics of species change and through which new species arise

A

Evolution

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4
Q

Species are fixed, permanent forms that do not change over time

A

Plato & Aristotle

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5
Q

Evolution as the refinement of traits that equip organisms to
perform successfully in their environments. Proposed that by
using or not using its body parts, an individual may develop
certain traits that it passes on to its offspring.

A

Lamarck

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6
Q

many naturalists were grappling with the interpretation
of fossils, imprints & remains of organisms that lived in the
past; the idea that some organisms had become extinct was
becoming accepted.

A

Uncounted Others

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7
Q

Scottish naturalist, proposed that geological change occurred gradually by the accumulation of small changes from processes (over long periods of time) just like those happening today in Theory of the Earth

A

James Hutton

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8
Q

popularized Hutton’s view in the nineteenth century in
Principles of Geology.

A

Charles Lyell

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9
Q

an economist who wrote An Essay on the Principle of
Population in 1798, an influential essay on the competition for
limited resources

A

Thomas Malthus

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10
Q

Primed acceptance of the idea of evolution as a process proceeding according to determinable principles

A

Industrial Revolution

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11
Q

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and
animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in the offspring.

A

Artificial Selection

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12
Q

two essential components of artifical selection

A

variation & heritability

VH

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13
Q

_________ was independently conceived of and described by two naturalists, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace, in the mid-nineteenth century

A

Mechanism for evolution

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14
Q

process by which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics; unequal reproductive success individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals with other traits. Works on individuals to alter the population

A

Natural Selection

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15
Q

Modifications the occur due to natural selection
that fit organisms to their environment

A

Evolutionary Adaptations

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16
Q

given that resources of any environment are limited, the
production of more individuals than the environment can
support leads to a struggle for existence, with only some
offspring surviving in each generation, i.e., those with best
traits to compete for the limited resources.

A

Fitness

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17
Q

Darwin observed that beak shape
varies among finch species. He
postulated that the beak of an
ancestral species had adapted over
time to equip the finches to acquire different food sources.

A

Darwin’s Finches

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18
Q

imprints or remains of organisms that lived in the past

A

Fossils

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19
Q

similarity in characteristics
resulting from a shared ancestry

A

Homologous Structures

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20
Q

A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and
living in the same geographic area at the same time. Different
populations of the same species may be geographically
isolated from each other to such an extent that an exchange
of genetic material never or only rarely occurs

A

Population

21
Q

all the alleles for all the genes in a population at any one time

A

Gene Pool

22
Q

A change in a populations gene pool over a succession of generations

A

Microevolution

23
Q

volutionary change above the species level, e.g., the origin
of a new group of organisms through a series of speciation
events & the impact of mass extinctions on diversity

A

Macroevolution

24
Q
  • can amplify or diminish only heritable traits
  • not goal directed
  • result of environmental factors that vary from place to place and over time
A

Natural Selection

25
Q

_________ Occurs in populations over generation

A

Evolution

26
Q

Diversity arises from ___________ and ___________

A

mutation and recombination

MR

27
Q

___________ in animals and plants average about 1 in every 100,000 genes per generation. For these organisms, low mutation rates, long time spans between generations, and diploid genomes
prevent most mutations from significantly affecting genetic variation from one generation to the next.

A

Mutation rates

28
Q

a form of microevolution in which the frequencies of gene
variants (alleles) change due to chance (random processes)

A

Genetic Drift

29
Q

genetic drift that results from a drastic reduction in
population size. Typically, the surviving population is no
longer genetically representative of the original population by chance

A

Bottleneck Effect

30
Q

genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a new small population whose gene pool represents only a sample of the genetic variation present in the original population

A

Founder Effect

31
Q

the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement
of individuals or gametes into or out of the population.
Genetic exchange with another population. It tends to reduce
differences among populations

A

Gene Flow

32
Q

a population or a group of populations whose members
have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature &
produce fertile offspring

A

Biological Species

33
Q
  • Organisms distinguished based on measurable physical traits
  • the smallest group of individuals sharing a common ancestor and forming one branch on the tree of life
A

Species

34
Q

the process in which one species splits into two or more
species

A

Speciation

35
Q

The probable evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

A

Phylogeny

36
Q

a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms &
determining their evolutionary relationships

A

Systematics

37
Q

branch of systematics dealing with naming & classifying

A

Taxonomy

38
Q

any factor that prevents individuals of closely related species from interbreeding

A

Reproductive Barriers

39
Q

prevent mating or fertilization between species

A

Prezygotic Barriers

40
Q

-Temporal isolation
-habitat isolation
-behavioral isolation
-mechanical isolation
-gametic isolation

A

Types of Prezygotic Barriers

41
Q

_________ prevent development of fertile adults if hybridization
occurs

A

Postzygotic Barriers

42
Q

Hybrid offspring don’t reach
reproductive age

A

Reduced hybrid viability

RHV

43
Q

hybrid infertile

A

Reduced hybrid fertility

44
Q

hybrid fertile, but weak

A

hybrid breakdown

45
Q

other homeland”; formation of a new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. The initial block to gene flow is a geographic barrier that
physically isolates the splinter population

A

Allopatric Speciation

46
Q

same homeland”; formation of a new species in populations that live in the same geographic area. The origin of a new species without geographic isolation. Polyploidy,
habitat complexity, and sexual selection are factors that can
reduce gene flow in sympatric populations

A

Sympatric Speiciation

47
Q

Polyploidy arises from a single parent species. For example, a
failure of cell division might double the chromosome number
from the original diploid number (2n) to tetraploid (4n).
Because the polyploid individual cannot produce fertile
hybrids with its parent species, immediate reproductive
isolation results.

A

Single Parent

48
Q

A second form of polyploid speciation can occur when two
different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring.
Most instances of polyploid speciation in plants resulted from
such hybridizations.

A

Interbreeding

SCI 102 - Biology (8 decks)

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