plant def Flashcards
Androecium:
The stamens of a flower collectively, which are pollen producing organs
Antheridium:
(plural, antheridia) In plants, a structure in which sperm are produced
Archegonium:
The flask-shaped structure in which bryophyte eggs form
Gynoecium
The female part of a flower, it is the innermost whorl of a flower consisting of one/more pistils
Heterosporous
Producing 2 types of spores, “male” microspores and “female” megaspores
Homosporous:
producing only one type of spore
Gymnosperm:
A seed plant that produces “naked” seeds not enclosed in an ovary. Ovule exposed to atmosphere (cone bearing plants)
Angiosperm
A flowering plant. Its egg-containing ovules mature into seeds within protected chambers called ovaries. Ovules enclosed in sporophyte tissue ( carpels and ovaries- flowering plants)
Gametophyte:
In organisms which alternation of generations occurs, notably plants and green algae, the multicellular haploid generation that produces gametes
Sporophyte:
An individual of the diploid generation produced through fertilisation in organisms that undergo alternation of generations; it produces haploid spores
Haploid:
An organism or cell with only one copy of each type of chromosome in its nuclei
Diploid:
An organism or cell with 2 copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus
Spore:
a haploid reproductive structure, usually a single cell, that can develop into a new individual without fusing with another cell; found in plants, fungi and certain protists
Gamete:
A haploid cell, an egg or sperm. Haploid cells fuse during sexual reproduction to form a diploid zygote
Mitosis:
nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei that are exact genetic copies of the parental nucleus
Meiosis:
the division of diploid cells to haploid cells, consisting of 2 consecutive rounds of nuclear and cellular division
Monoecious:
Having both “male” flowers (which possess only stamens) and “female” flowers (which possess only carpels)
Megasporangia:
sporangia in which megaspores form and give rise to female gametophytes that produce eggs
Megaspore:
A plant spore that develops into a female gametophyte, usually larger than a microspore
Dioecious:
Having male flowers and female flowers on different plants of the same species
Polyphyletic taxon:
a group of organisms that belong to different evolutionary lineages and do not share a recent common ancestor
Isogametes:
Both have flagella. male and female gametes cannot be distinguished. Organisms which reproduce in this way are called isogamous
Anisogametes:
Both have flagella. smaller gamete=male. Large gamete= female
Oogametes:
one large, immotile gamete (no flagella) = female; and another smaller, motile gamete (has a flagella)=male
Fragmentation:
A type of vegetative reproduction in plants in which cells or a piece of the parent break off, then develop into new individuals
Conjugation:
in ciliate protist, a process of sexual reproduction in which individuals of the same species temporarily couple and exchange genetic material
Oogonium:
A cell that enters meiosis and gives rise to gametes, produced by mitotic divisions of the germ-line cells in females
Gametangium:
in certain plants/fungi, a cell or organ in which gametes are produced. Provide some protection to developing embryo
Archegonium:
female gametangium
Antheridia:
male gametangium
Sporangium:
a single celled or multicellular structure in fungi and plants in which spores are produced. Fused sporangia
Microsporangia:
sporangia in which microspores form and 5 rise to male gametophytes that produce sperm
Microspore:
a plant spore from which a male gametophyte develops, usually smaller than microspore
Microgametophyte:
pollen grain
Rhizoid:
filamentous outgrowth or root hair on underside of thallus in e.g. mosses and liverworts serving both to anchor the plants (in terrestrial forms) and conduct water
Operculum:
the lid/cap that covers peristome teeth which bursts/splits open when spores mature
Thallus:
a plant body not differentiated into stems, roots, or leaves
Pyrenoid:
a protein body in chloroplasts of algae and hornworts that is involved in carbon fixation and starch formation and storage
Elaters:
cell that is hygroscopic and is always associated with spores
Fissures:
crack/split
Gemmae:
cuplike growths on thallus. Divide via mitosis to form new gametophyte
Megaphylls (typical leaves):
have multiple, branched leaf veins
Microphylls:
have a single, unbranched leaf vein
Nucellus:
macrosporangium of the seed plant
Spermatophyte:
name for plants that produce seeds (angiosperms and gymnosperms)
Sporangiophores:
The fertile component of the strobilus is called the sporangiophore. A receptable which bears sporangia
Receptable:
hollow “container” used to contain something
Whorl:
arrangement of sepals, petals, leaves, stipules or branches that radiate from a single point and wrap/surround around the stem
Dioecious:
separate male and female sporophyte
Endosperm:
a tissue that surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition
Pollination:
mechanical transport of pollen from anther to stigma
Synergid:
one of 2 small, short-lived nuclei lying near the egg in the mature embryo sac of a flowering plant
