Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sabrina B144 > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what characteristics of primates allow them to spend a great deal of time in trees? (3)

A
  1. flexible shoulder and hip joints
  2. grasping hands
  3. excellent depth perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which characteristics are common to all primates? 4

A
  1. erect (upright) or nearly erect posture
  2. grasping hands and feet
  3. Diurnal (active during the day)
  4. complex social behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the lowest taxonomic group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans?

A

Anthropoidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the lowest taxonomic group that includes only apes and humans?

A

Hominoidea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how has walking patterns of Hominoidea change from the most primitive to the most derived? 5

A
  1. Gibbons and siamangs move by swinging from branches (brachiations)
  2. orangutan and bonobos- hands and feet
  3. Gorillas- knuckle walking
  4. chimpanzees- knuckle walking and bipedal swaggering
  5. Homo sapiens (humans)- upright posture and bipedal locomotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which homonin 3 characteristics changed with the evolution from early to modern humans?

A
  1. smaller build
  2. less-protruding brow ridges
  3. more prominent chin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what evidence suggests that modern humans originated in Africa?

A

independent genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome indicate that all human populations are descended from a common ancestor that originated in Africa and then migrated to various regions on Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which ape species spend the most time on ground (3)

A

Gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what trait allows researchers to distinguish between apes and humans

A

bipedal locomotion. Humans are bipedal, apes are not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what evidence suggests that Neanderthals and modern humans represent 2 distinct species

A

mtDNA sequence data: the differences between gene sequences of Neanderthals and humans are much greater than the differences between any 2 modern humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primate character: erect (upright) or nearly erect posture=

A

= flexible hip and and shoulder joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primate character: grasping hands and feet=(3)

A

=1.opposable thumb (and/or big toe),

  1. nails not claws,
  2. fingertips with many sensory nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primate character: Diurnal (active during the day) (2)

A
  1. forward facing eyes with overlapping fields of vision

2. rely more on vision than smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Primate character: complex social behaviour (2)

A
  1. large, complex brains- great capacity to learn

2. small broods(1 hatching or birth)- extended parental care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how has the social structure of Hominoidea change from the most primitive to the most derived? 5

A
  1. Gibbons and siamangs - family groups/ solitary
  2. orangutan- solitary/family groups
  3. Gorillas- 2 to 65 per group
  4. chimpanzees and bonobos-20 to 130 per group
  5. Homo sapiens (humans)-doesnt say but i think large communities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

def of primates

A

lineage that includes humans, apes, monkeys, and their close relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 key derived traits of primates

A
  1. erect / nearly erect posture
  2. grasping hands (or feet)
  3. diurnal (active during the day)
  4. complex social behaviour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adaptations needed for 1. erect / nearly erect posture (1)

A

-flexible hip and shoulder joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

adaptations needed for 2. grasping hands (or feet) (3)

A
  • opposable thumbs (and/or big toe)
  • nails not claws
  • fingertips with many sensory nerves
20
Q

adaptations needed for 3. diurnal (active during the day) (1)

A
  • forward facing eyes with overlapping fields of vision (rely more on vision than smell)
21
Q

adaptations needed for 4. complex social behaviour

A
  • large complex brains (great capacity to learn)

- small amount of offspring - extended parental care

22
Q

4 characteristics of New World Monkeys (example = spider monkey)

A
  • weigh less than old world monkeys
  • arboreal (lives in trees)
  • diurnal
  • prehensile (grasping) tail as a 5th limb
23
Q

3 characteristic Old world monkey (example baboon, vervet monkey)

A
  • heavier than New World monkey
  • arboreal/walk
  • no prehensile tails
24
Q

Hominoidea apes have 4 characteristics

A
  1. lack a tail
  2. much larger than monkeys
  3. vertebral column more stable
  4. complex behaviour
25
Q

locomotion of gibbons and siamangs

A

brachiation-moves swinging from branches

26
Q

locomotion of orangutan

A

hands & feet

27
Q

locomotion of gorillas

A

knuckle-walking

28
Q

locomotion of chimpanzees

A

knuckle walking and bipedal swaggering

29
Q

locomotion of humans (homo sapians)

A

have adaptations that allow an upright posture and bipedal locomotion

30
Q

hominins=

A

modern humans and our bipedal ancestors

31
Q

hominin differ from apes by

A

upright posture and bipedal locomotion

32
Q

bipedal locomotion freed hands to become …

A

specialised for other activities e.g. tool use

33
Q

5 adaptations for bipedal locomotion

A
  1. lower spine becomes curved, shorter & more stable- absorbs shock
  2. hip bones became shorter and wider
  3. strong knees & ankle joints- more support for the weight of the body
  4. length of thigh bone increased stride
  5. angle at which spine connects with skull increases stability of head while walking
34
Q

Ardipithecus (4.4 mya) (2)

A
  1. brain size of chimp
    - less protruding face
    - smaller canines
  2. Probably walked bipedally
    - but still had long curved fingers & opposable big toes
35
Q

Australopithecus (East, central & South Africa)

4 species

A
  1. A. anamensis (4mya)
  2. A. afarensis (3.5mya)
  3. A. africanus (3 mya)
  4. A. sediba (2 mya)
36
Q

Early humans: homo habilis who is their most likely ancestor

A

Australopithecus

37
Q

Homo erectus (1.8 mya) 6 characters

A
  1. taller
  2. larger brain
  3. thicker skull
  4. protruding brow ridges
  5. made fairly sophisticated tool (incl. hand axes)
  6. groups moved out of East Africa about 1.5 mya
38
Q

Archaic humans (<0.5 mya)

  • descents of
  • include a species
A
  • descents of homo erectus

- Included Neanderthals:built shelters, made complex tools, may have used speech and some buried their dead

39
Q

H. naledi (300-200kya) share characteristics shared with other Homo (3)

A
  1. lower limbs (locomotor traits)
    - long lower limb, strong insertions for gluteus maximus , human-like foot and ankle
  2. Hands (manipulation)
    - morphology of wrist, thumb and palm -enhanced object manipulation
  3. Jaws (chewing)
    - small teeth
40
Q

Modern humans: homo sapiens (3)

A

1- smaller build

2- less protruding brow ridges

3-more prominent chin

41
Q

Out of Africa when and what 2 studies support this

A

modern humans migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia about 200 000 to 100000 years ago

  • mtDNA sequences suggest an African ancestry for all modern humans
  • Y chromosomes studies confirm that all modern humans are descendant of a single migration out of Africa
42
Q

Australopithecus (East, central & South Africa):

Ape-like characters (3)
Human-like characters (2)

A

Ape-like characters

  1. protruding jaws
  2. pointed canines
  3. small skull & brain

Human-like characters

  1. enamel and teeth
  2. partly or fully bipedal
43
Q 
Early humans: homo habilis, 
earliest humans (2.3 to 1.7 mya) occupied woodlands and savannas of eastern and southern Africa.
3 characters
A
  1. mostly vegetarians, scavengers
  2. Co-occurred with species of Paranthropus
  3. Had bigger brains than Australopithecus and Paranthropus - probably 1st homonin to use tools
44
Q

H. naledi (300-200kya) share characteristics shared with Australopithecus

A

brain & pelvis structure

45
Q

H. naledi (300-200kya) share characteristics shared with humans

A

body structure and size

46
Q

who drove archaic humans to extinction

A

homo sapiens because they competed for resources

47
Q

recent data suggests modern humans interbred with..

A

archaic humans, including Neanderthals, outside of Africa as recently as 35 000 ya

Sabrina B144 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions