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Sabrina B144 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main characteristics which separate single -celled plant-and-animal-like organisms?

A

Plant like:
1) Autotrophic 2) cell walls

Animal like:

1) Heterotrophic (may for example have food vacuoles) 2) No cell walls
3) structures that facilitate movement
4) most have sensory and nervous systems

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2
Q

Which are the 5 key innovations which contribute to the evolution of true animals? Why were these so important?

A
  1. Tissue structure
  2. body symmetry
  3. body cavities
  4. developmental patterns
  5. segmentation
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3
Q

What are the main advantages to having tissues?

A
  1. tissues perform complex functions beyond the capacity of individual cells
    (e. g. nerve tissue transmitting info rapid through animal’s body and epithelial tissue forms barriers that surround the body and line body cavities) + division of labour
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4
Q

What does the phylogenetic tree based on molecular analysis say about the evolution of segmentation?

A

segmentation evolved independently in 3 clades - segmented worms (Lophotrochozoa, phylum Annelida), Arthropods and velvet worms (Ecdysozoa, phyla Arthropoda and Onychophora) and chordates (Deuterosomia, phylum Chordata) - rather than just 2

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5
Q

Does the phylogenetic analysis confirm a gradual evolution from the acoelomate to pseudocoelomate to coelomate condition? Explain.

A

No,
Traditional phylogenies inferred the absence of body cavity (acoelomate), was an ancestral state and that the presence of a body cavity, the pseudocoelom/ coelom condition was derived BUT THIS IS NOT TRUE!!!!

the acoelomate condition of flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) represents the evolutionary loss of the schizocoelom, not an ancestral trait.

The pseudocoelom evolved independently in rotifers (Lophotrochozoa) and in roundworms (Ecdysozoa) as modifications of the ancestral schizocoelom- product of convergent evolution

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6
Q

Protist can be split as Bikonta (2 flagella) or unikonta (1 flagella).

What are the 2 lineages of unikonts?

A
  1. Amoebozoa

2. Opisthokonta

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7
Q

Presence or absence of tissue divides animal kingdom into 2 branches:

A
  1. Parazoa (no tissue)

2. Eumetazoa (tissues)

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8
Q

Eumetazoa (tissue animals) can then be split into a further two branches according to their body symmetry:

A
  1. Radiata (radial symmetry)

2. Bilateria (bilaterial symmetry)

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9
Q

What are the main advantages to having a body cavity?

A
  1. body cavity separates internal organs from the body wall, allowing the organs to function independently of whole-body movements
  2. the fluid also protects organs from mechanical damage
  3. because volume of the body cavity is fixed, the incompressible fluid within serves as a hydrostatic skeleton, which provides support
  4. muscle contractions can shift the fluid changing the animals’ shape and allowing them to move from place to place
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10
Q

Developmental patterns:
bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into 2 lineages as invertebrates and vertebrates and some invertebrates.

They differ according to what 3 things

A
  1. Protosomia= protosomes (invertebrates)
  2. Deuterostomia= deuterostomes (some invertebrates and vertebrates)

Differ according to:

1) patterns of cleavage (cell division)
2) formation of mesoderm and coelom
3) origin of the mouth and anus

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11
Q

what characteristics distinguish animals from plants ?2

A

Plants vs animals:
plants:cell wall, autotrophic , sessile (stationary)
Animals: no cell wall, heterotrophic, motile at some stage of lifecycle

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12
Q

how does the ability of animals to move through the environment relate to their acquisition of nutrients and energy?

A

the ability of animals to move through the environment allows them to search for and pursue the food items that supply them with nutrients and energy

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13
Q

what is a tissue, what are the 3 primary tissue layers present in the embryos of most animals?

A

a tissue is a group of cells that share a common structure and function.

  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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14
Q

what type of body symmetry do humans have

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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15
Q

what is the functional significance of the coelom

A

the coelom is a space within which internal organs can move independently of the body wall muscles. The fluid within it provides protection for the internal organs. In some animals the coelom functions as a hydroskeleton

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16
Q

what does have a segmented body allow some animals to do (2)

A
  1. allows an animal to survive damage to some parts of its body segments
  2. may allow improved control over body movemnts
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17
Q

which major groupings of animals defined on the basis of morphological characters have been confirmed by molecular sequence studies

A

Confirmed distinctions between

  1. parazoa and eumetazoa,
  2. radiata and bilateria
  3. protostomia and deutrostomia
18
Q

what type of body cavity is ancestral within the deuterostomes?

A

an enterocoelom

19
Q

what characteristics distinguish animals from fungi?2

A

fungi: have cell walls and most fungi are sessile
animals: no cell wall and motile at some stage of life cycle

20
Q

A molecular phylogeny for animals confirmed analysis of many Gene’s.
From left to right names of tips of branches (17) + mnemonic

A

Please Can Coco Eat Bread.
PP Right Now Ma NOAEH Character

  1. Porifera
  2. Cnidaria
  3. Ctenophora
  4. Ectoprocta
  5. Branchiopoda
  6. Phoronida
  7. Platyhelminthes
  8. Rotifera
  9. Nemertea
  10. Mollusca
  11. Annelida
  12. Nematoda
  13. Onychophora
  14. Arthropoda
  15. Echinodermata
  16. Hemichordata
  17. Chordata
21
Q

Colonial choanoflagellate ancestor divides into 2 groups

A
  1. Parazoa (no tissues)

2. Eumetazoa (tissues)

22
Q

Eumetazoa divide into 2 groups

According to 2 traits

A
  1. Radiata (radial symmetry and diploblastic)

2. Bilateria (bilateral symmetry and triploblastic)

23
Q

Bilateria divides into 2 groups depending on one character

A
  1. Protostomia (schizocoelom)

2. Deuterostomia (enterocoelom)

24
Q

Protostoma split into 2 groups according to 1 trait

A
  1. Lophotrochozoa (no ecdysis)

2. Ecdysozoa (ecdysis)

25
Q

Amoeba (single celled only)

Example of free living amoeba

A

A. proteus

26
Q

Ex of parasitic amoeba

A

Entamoeba sp

27
Q

How do amoebas reproduce

A

Asexually via fission (split into two)

28
Q

What do amoebas use for locomotion and feeding

A

Pseudopods

29
Q

Out of the 2million living species how many are invertebrates and vertebrates

A

Invertebrates =1.95 million

Vertebrates= 0.05 million

30
Q

Heterotrophs need 2 things

A
  1. Food to eat

2. Oxygen to metabolize food

31
Q

The 3 things sensory and nervous systems do

A
  1. Receive
  2. Process and
  3. Respond to info
32
Q

Animals reproduces asexually (budding and fission) as well as sexually.
Explain sexual reproduction 5

A
  1. Haploid gametes egg and sperm met.
  2. They fuse to form a single celled diploid zygote.
  3. Grow to form a multicellular embryo.
  4. Form into a immature juvenile or free living larva.
  5. Eventually become a reproductive mature adult
33
Q

Common ancestor of all animals was a …..and lived how many years ago

A

Colonial choanoflagellate that live 700mya

34
Q

Endoderm / gastroderm def

A

Innermost cell layer

Lining of gut and respiratory organs

35
Q

Ectoderm/ epidermis def

A

Outermost layer

External covering and nervous system

36
Q

Mesoderm def

A

Middle cell layer (between ectoderm and endoderm) only present in triploblastic animals.

Forms the muscles of the body wall

37
Q

Cephalization def

A

Development of an anterior head where sensory organs and nervous system tissue are concentrated

38
Q

Acoelomate def

A

Have no body cavity that separates the gut and body wall

39
Q

In a pseudocoelomate the pseudocoelom forms between

A

The gut (derivative of endoderm) and body wall (derivative of mesoderm)

40
Q

Def of coelomate

A

The coelom is completely lined by peritoneum (a derivative of mesoderm)

41
Q

Pseudocoelom and coelom animals have a “tube within a tube”
Inner tube =digestive system
Outer tube = body wall.

What is there between them and 2 things it contains

A

A fluid filled cavity.

Functions:

  1. Contains the internal organs
  2. Hydrostatic skeleton (flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure)

Sabrina B144 (17 decks)

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