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Sabrina B144 > pastpaper B144~microbes > Flashcards

pastpaper B144~microbes Flashcards

1
Q

Autotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from inorganic compounds, such as…

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

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2
Q

organic compounds are metabolised by…

A

heterotrophic

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3
Q

if bacteria use chemical compounds to obtain their energy, they are called…

A

chemotrophic

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4
Q

if they(bacteria) use radiant energy e.g. sunlight they are called

A

phototrophic

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5
Q

cyanobacteria are classified as

A

photoautotrophs

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6
Q

some bacteria gain their energy from anaerobic respiration e.g. (name the compound)

A

sulfate -reducing bacteria

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7
Q

name the 5 components of a crosscut of a bacterial cell wall (from top top bottom)

A
  1. capsule
  2. outer membrane
  3. peptidoglycan layer
  4. plasma membrane
  5. cytoplasm
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8
Q

viruses come in different forms and shapes. Name the 5 groups differentiated based on their capsid structure

A
  1. naked icosahedral
  2. naked helical
  3. enveloped icosahedral
  4. enveloped icosahedral
  5. complex
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9
Q

Tyndalization refers to an antibacterial treatment method based on (dry heat/moist heat/irradiation)?

A

moist heat

flowing steam at 100 degrees celcius for 30 min for 3 consecutive days = breaks heat-sensitive chemical bonds

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10
Q

(Ultraviolet/X-ray/gamma) irradiation damages the thymine (T) building blocks in DNA

A

ultraviolet (UV)

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11
Q

sterilization by (autoclaving/filtration/dry heat) does not denature vitamins

A

filtration

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12
Q

some (Archaea/eubacteria) are known to grow at 121 degrees celcius, and are called (pseudophiles/mesophiles/hyperthermophiles)

A

Archaea

hyperthermophiles

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13
Q

cells in a (hypertonic/hypotonic) solution increase in volume and eventually lyse

A

hypotonic

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14
Q

Light microscopy shows that a fresh sample of milk is contaminated with bacteria. Describe 2 methods (name and process) that are routinely used to treat milk before it is sold to the public

A
  1. Pasteurization
    - LTLT: low temp long time 63 degrees Celsius for 30 min
    - HTST: high temperature short time 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds
    - only reduces the numbers and/or types of microbe, but is a relatively short term solution since eventually microbes with start growing again
  2. sterilization
    - UHT ultra high temperature 141 degrees Celsius for 2 seconds
    - completely sterilizes milk without denaturing it
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15
Q

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:

can grow anaerobically but grow better with O2

A

Facultative anaerobe

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16
Q

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:

require 20% oxygen for survival

A

aerobe

obligate-I would add

17
Q

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:

can grow in the presence or absence of air

A

aerotolerant

18
Q

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:

require small amounts of O2 (2-10%)

A

microaerophile

19
Q

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT:

cannot tolerate O2 (toxic to them)

A

obligate anaerobe

20
Q

Explain the difference between a chemically defined and a complex medium

A

Chemically defined media
-Growth media that is composed of known ingredients at known concentrations

Complex media
- is rich in vitamins and other nutrients, of which precise chemical composition is undefined and can vary depending on the suppliers e.g. yeast extract

21
Q

a food company experiences a problem with contamination in their product line. Microscopy of the contaminants indicates the presence of 3 different types of cells. Based on your knowledge of yeast morphology, identify the 3 yeast species

A
  1. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    - budding yeast
  2. Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    - fission yeast
  3. Candida albicans
    - pseudohyphae
22
Q

Supply definitions or explain the following terms related to fungi/yeast:

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A

a mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and the roots of plants

23
Q

Supply definitions or explain the following terms related to fungi/yeast:

Lichens

A

mutualistic symbiotic relationships between fungi and either green algae or cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria)

24
Q

Supply definitions or explain the following terms related to fungi/yeast:

Coenocytic hyphae

A

hyphae, the long, continuous cells are not divided by septa (they are aseptate)

25
Q

Supply definitions or explain the following terms related to fungi/yeast:

Dikaryotic hyphae

A

plasmogamy produces a cell with two genetically different nuclei that occupy one cell for a period of time before they fuse to form a diploid cell

26
Q

Name 2 important functions of fungal spores and explain how they are adapted to perform these functions

A
  1. dispersal
    - spores are very small and can be suspended in the air for long periods of time
    - the spores are carried on external structures (e.g. aerial hyphae) where they are exposed to dispersal agents such as wind, insects and water
  2. AN NB functions is being able to survive in unfavourable/harsh environmental conditions such as drought e.g. Chlamydospores with thick cell walls
  3. reproduction- creating offspring
27
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

Fungus generally used for the commercial production of antibiotics

A

Penicillium

–NB spelling

28
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

person that discovered antibiotics

A

Alexander Fleming

29
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

An example of a flavouring agent/ preservative produced by microbial activity

A

MSG-monosodium glutamic acid

30
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

Type of bacteria used to produce yoghurt

A

lactic acid bacteria

31
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

Main ingredient in marmite

A

yeast extract

32
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

D(-) and L(+) lactic acid made by genetically-modified bacteria, is used for the production of….

A

biodegradable plastics

33
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

Example of toxic waste products that can be degraded by certain microbes

A

rubber or the clean oil spills

34
Q

Microbial biotechnology:

Bacterial species used for the biological control of insects

A

Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt)

Thu-ringi-en-sis

Sabrina B144 (17 decks)

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