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Bio 108 > Plant Biology > Flashcards

Plant Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4x evidence to indicate evolution from algae

A
  • genome composition
  • same type of chlorophyll
  • cell wall composition
  • sperm structure
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2
Q

Bryophytes

A

Non vascular plants
( Mosses, liverworts, hornworts )
Absorb water and nutrients through surface

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3
Q

Male bryophyte structures

A

Antheridium (contains sperm)

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4
Q

Female bryophyte structures

A

Archegonium (contains egg cells)

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5
Q

Fertilised bryophyte gametic cell

A

Zygote (2n)

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6
Q

Sporophyte produces…

A

Spores through meiosis

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7
Q

Bryophyte dominant life stage

A

Gametophyte (n)

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8
Q

Moss sporophyte structure, reproductive method and parts

A

Dependent on gametophyte
Sporoytes undergo meiosis to give haploid sprites
Capsule (top) and Seta (stalk)
Sterile columella (the central core)

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9
Q

NZ mosses

A

Around 500 species, 100 endemic
Predominantly Gondwanan origin

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10
Q

Spagnum moss

A

9 species
Occurs in dense colonies /peat bogs
Holds 30% of worlds stored carbon

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11
Q

Moss dormancy

A

Survival trait that allows them to easily shut down until they get favourable conditions

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12
Q

Liverworts

A

Differ to mosses in structure and spore dispersal
6500/7000 species

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13
Q

Gemmae cups

A

Drops of water hit raised cups on liverworts surface, splashing out pieces of tissue called gemmae, which can grow a new plant

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14
Q

Liverworts reproductive structures

A

Gametangia - umbrella like structures elevated about the thallus

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15
Q

Hornworts

A

300 species globally
Name refers to long shaped sporangia (sporophyte)

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16
Q

Bryophyte adaptions

A
  • cuticle and stoma
  • gametangia
  • protection of spores
  • protection of embryo (feed on the mother plant)
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17
Q

Innovations that led to Pteridophyte

A

Development of vascular tissue

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18
Q

Approx dates of pteridophyte evolution

A

430 - 387 mya

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19
Q

Xylem tissue

A

Moves water and minerals around the plant
One way

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20
Q

Phloem tissue

A

Moves sucrose and amino acids through a two way sap flow

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21
Q

Ferns

A

11916 species
2 types : Lycopodiopsida and polypodiopsida
Fronds can be divided or undivided

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22
Q

Fern stem

A

Rhizome, grows below soil surface

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23
Q

Fern sporophyte reproductive structures

A

Sporangium (store spores) attached to the Sorus (p. Sori) through Meiosis
Once spore lands, it germinates and develops into the gametophyte

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24
Q

Fern gametophyte (n) structures

A

Male - Antheridium
Female - Archegonium (both exist in the same plant)
Fertilised zygote undergoes mitosis to become young sporophyte

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25
Q

How does fertilisation of fern gametophyte occur

A

Antheridia swim through film on gamete to fertilise archegonia

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26
Q

Fern dominate life stage

A

Sporophyte (2n)

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27
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Naked seed, cone bearing plants
Cones are male or female
Plants can be male/female/hermaphroditic
Sporophyte life stage is dominant
Gametophyte is microscopic and dependant

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28
Q

Angiosperms

A

Encased seeds, bear flowers or fruit.
Flowers and plants can be male/female/hermaphroditic
Sporophyte life stage is dominant
Gametophyte is microscopic and dependant

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29
Q

Gametophyte location gymnosperms

A

Female gametophyte is within female seed/ovule cone
Male gametophyte is within pollen cone

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30
Q

Gametophyte location Angiosperms

A

Female gametophyte housed within female flower structures (carpal)
Male gametophyte housed within male flower parts (stamen)

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31
Q

Advantages of reduced gametophyte

A

Develops within parent plant - protection from UV, water loss, temperature
Easily supported by parent sporophyte - gains nutrients etc

32
Q

Gymnosperm types

A
  • Pinophyta / Coniferophyta (conifers)
  • Ginkgophyta (Gingko)
  • Cycadophyta (Cycads)
  • Gnetophyta (Gnetophytes)
    83 genera
33
Q

Gymnosperm dominant life stage

A

Mature sporophyte

34
Q

Cones structure

A

Modified leaves
Male - pollen cones, produce microsporangia which develops microgametophyte
Female - ovulate cones, produce megasporangia which develops megagametophyte

35
Q

Stroboli

A

Conifer cone structure

36
Q

Male cones

A

Have microsporangial tissue, produce micro spores through mitosis and then undergoes meiosis to become pollen structure (three celled)
Moves by wind to female cone

37
Q

Female cone structure/process

A

Megasporangial tissue houses megasporocyte (2n), whichundergoes meiosis to produce megagametophyte material (megaspores, 4x produced but one survives)
Megastore goes through mitosis and develops into a female gametophyte and ovule, which then produces archegonia (contain one egg, n)

38
Q

Integument

A

Outer woody structure on female cone parts

39
Q

Gymnosperm fertilisation

A

Pollen is carried by wind to the female cone; pollen tube cell elongates through female gametophyte, allowing sperm to reach egg

40
Q

Gymnosperm embryonic structures

A
  • Cotyledon (seed leaves)
  • shoot apical meristem tissue
  • root apical meristem tissue + root cap
41
Q

Diapause

A

Dormancy while waiting for correct conditions to grow and survive

42
Q

Native pinophyta

A

4/8 conifer families have nz species
Eg Kauri, Kawaka, Totora, Rimu, Tānekaha, Toa Toa

43
Q

Kauri trees

A

Agathis Australis, soil engineers so modify environment to suit them

44
Q

Tānekaha

A

Phyllocladus trichomonoides
Mature specimens have no true leaves

45
Q

Totora

A

Podicarpus Totora
Cones resemble fruit - bird dispersed

46
Q

Rimū

A

Dacridium cupressinum
Fine leaves, ineffective individually but effective as a whole

47
Q

Angiosperms

A

300,000 species, 400 families, 14,000 genera

48
Q

Sepel

A

Modified leaves that protects flower when a bud and later petals

49
Q

Petal

A

Modified leaves that help attract and guide pollinators

50
Q

Stamen

A

Consists of a stalk (filament) and an anther (contains microsporangium - sperm)

51
Q

Carpel

A

Consists of stigma, style and ovary. Contains megasporangia (eggs)

52
Q

Receptacle

A

Thickened part of stem (penduncle( which flower organs grow from

53
Q

Flower structures (outside in)

A

Receptacle, sepal, petal, stamen, carpel,

54
Q

Fruit parts (+flower part)

A
  • Endocarp (core, from ovary)
  • Pedicel (stalk, from penduncle)
  • mesocarp (fresh, from receptacle)
  • Exocarp (skin)
  • seed (from ovule)
55
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

Relics of earlier groups of flowering plants

56
Q

Monocotyledons

A

One seed leaf plants

57
Q

Eudicotyledons

A

Two seed leafed plants

58
Q

Cotyledons

A

First emerging leaves of a plant (not true leaves)
capable of photosynthesis and stores/supplies the nutrition a plant embryo needs to germinate and establish

59
Q

Monocot features

A
  • one cotyledon
  • veins run parallel
  • vascular tissue scattered
  • root systems fibrous
  • one pollen grain opening
  • floral organs in multiples of 3
60
Q

Eudicots

A
  • two cotyledons
  • veins netlike
  • vascular tissue arranged in a ring
  • taproot present
  • pollen grain has three openings
  • floral organs in multiples of four or five
61
Q

Angiosperm dominant life stage

A

Sporophyte

62
Q

Male gametophyte in angiosperms

A

Microsporangial tissue undergoes meiosis to produce microspores. These undergo mitosis to produce pollen structures

63
Q

Female gametophyte in angiosperms

A

Megasporangial tissue within the ovule undergoes meiosis to produce a mega spore, which undergoes mitosis to produce 8 cells (which include an egg cell and 2 polar nuclei) within the megaspore

64
Q

Double fertilisation

A

Pollen tube cell elongates down into the stigma to fertilise the egg
- sperm fertilises egg
- other spent fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the endosperm

65
Q

Endosperm

A

Endosperm provides nutrients for the growing plant

66
Q

True fruits

A

Fruits where the ovary tissue turns into the fruit

67
Q

Diversity in angiosperms

A
  • floral morphology
  • pollen morphology
  • pollination strategies
  • dispersal strategies
68
Q

Floral morphology

A
  • number of whorls
  • position of ovary
  • symmetry
  • inflorescences
69
Q

Self pollination types

A

Autogamy - same flower
Geitogamy - different flower, same plant

70
Q

Cross pollination

A

Allogamy- different plants

71
Q

Plants avoid self pollination by

A
  • Herkogamy
  • Dichogamy
  • placement of sexual structures
  • pollen release
  • gendered plants
72
Q

Wind pollination features

A
  • 10% of flowering plants
  • flowers small grouped and unisexual
  • large anthers with dry pollen
  • large feathery or sticky stigma
73
Q

Wind pollinated plants examples

A
  • Zea mays (corn) seperate female and male flowers
  • Coprosma Robusta
  • Piper excelum (Kawakawa) female or male inflorescences
74
Q

Animal pollinated plant features

A
  • co-evolution
  • conspicuous flowers
  • more efficient
  • uv nectar guides
75
Q

Advantages for animals

A
  • food
  • nectar / pollen
  • floral oils
  • nursery pollination
76
Q

Bird pollinated flower features

A
  • prefer yellow or red flowers
  • odourless flowers
  • produce more nectar
  • can change colour to indicate to birds eg fuchsia
77
Q

Mammal pollinator example

A

Short nose bat and Dactylanthus taylorii

Bio 108 (6 decks)

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