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Bio 108 > Animal > Flashcards

Animal Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 major steps in evolution of animals

A
  • origins of life (prokaryotes) 4bya
  • eukaryotes 2.1 bya
  • multi-cellularity 1.5 bya
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2
Q

Modern Choanoflagellates

A

Closest living relatives of animals
Single celled protists

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3
Q

Gastrula

A

Multilayer, multi-celled embryonic structure, develops from blastula

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4
Q

Choanocytes

A

Specialised cells which line porifera, contain flagella which spin to filter nutrients from water

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5
Q

Osculum

A

Tip of pore in sponge with expels water

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6
Q

Tissue definitions

A

A group of cells which have a common structure + function and are integrated

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7
Q

Diploblastic

A

Develops from 2 embryonic tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm) separated by a non-cellular layer (mesoglea)

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8
Q

Cnidaria key features

A

Radial symmetry
Diploblastic

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9
Q

Sponges key feature

A

No true tissues - cells do not coordinate function

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10
Q

Features of animals

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophs
  • no rigid cell layer
  • reproduction
  • nerve and muscle cells
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11
Q

Two forms of Cnidaria

A

Medusa or polyp

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12
Q

Clades of cnidaria

A

Anthozoans, medusozoans

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13
Q

Blastocoel

A

Hollow area inside the blastula

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14
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 embryonic cell layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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15
Q

Deuterostomes

A
  • Blastopore becomes anus
  • mouth develops later
  • Radial 8 cell stage
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16
Q

Protostomes

A
  • Blastopore becomes mouth
  • Anus develops later
  • Spiral 8 cell stage
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17
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A
  • 18 phyla
  • some have lophophore feed apparatus
  • some have trochophore larva
  • grouped due to molecular evidence
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18
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Parasitic and diverse (20,000 species)
No anus - waste diffused across body

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19
Q

Acoelomate

A

No body cavity

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20
Q

Schistosoma

A

Infects 200 million worldwide
Worse in tropical areas
Hosts are snails and human - require both for lifecycle

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21
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Group of phyla which moult

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22
Q

Key characteristics of arthropods

A

Segmented body plan
Jointed segmental appendages
Cuticular exoskeleton

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23
Q

Arthropod joints

A

Muscles located on the inside, connect directly to exoskeleton

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24
Q

Structure of cuticular exoskeleton in arthropods

A

Epicuticle - protects from water loss
Exocuticle - thickest, protein rich layer that provides structure
Endocuticle - soft flexible layer, cushions body and allows movement
Epidermis - cellular layer
Seta - sensory hairs which run through structure and attach to sensory neurons

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25
Q

Major arthropod groups + body parts

A

Chelicerates - prosoma + opisthosoma
Myriapods - head + trunk
Crustaceans - head + pereon + pleon
Insects - head, thorax, abdomen

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26
Q

Arachnida characteristics

A

Mostly terrestrial
Mostly carnivorous
Most have 8 legs

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27
Q

Orders of arachnida

A

Pseudoscorpions
Opiliones
Acari
Araneae

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28
Q

Chelicera

A

Mouthparts of subphylum chelicerata

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29
Q

Araneae features

A

Cephalothorax + abdomen
1 pair chelicera
1 pair pedipalps
Book lungs
Silk glands

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30
Q

Book lung

A

Spider respiratory system that allows spider to breath simultaneously with lungs and tracheae
Opens to spiracles
Membrane allows fusion of air and blood flow

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31
Q

Spinneret

A

Organ for silk production
Spigots - pump silk threads out

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32
Q

Spider silk

A

Made up of proteins - fibroin
Protein glues

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33
Q

Myriapoda features

A

One pair antenna
Head + trunk
Terrestrial
Permeable epicuticle
Spiracles

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34
Q

Centipedes

A

One pair of legs per segment
First pair of legs makes forcipules for venom
Venom
Antenna
Flattened body

35
Q

Millipedes

A

Herbivores
Two pairs of legs per body segment
Tubular body
Repugnatorial glands

36
Q

Crustacea features

A

Head, pereon, pleon
Head has 5x appendages
Biramous appendages
Mostly marine

37
Q

5x head appendages in crustaceans

A

2 pairs antennae
Mandible
2 pairs maxillae

38
Q

Biramous appendages

A

Branched appendages - protopod branches into exopod and endopod

39
Q

Hexapoda features

A

3 segments - head, thorax, abdomen
6x thoracic appendages

40
Q

Insecta features

A

Hardened exoskeleton
Coelomate
Haemocoel
Spiracles
Two types of eyes - ocelli and compound

41
Q

Insecta circulatory systems

A

Open system
Dorsal blood vessel - exports metabolic waste products

42
Q

Insect digestive system

A

Pharynx - grinds food
Crop - digests food

43
Q

Insect nervous system

A

Cerebral ganglia
Ventral nerve cord

44
Q

Hemimetabolous development

A

Incomplete metamorphosis
Nymphs resemble adults
Gradual change

45
Q

Homometabolous

A

Complete metamorphosis
Four stages - Egg, larva, pupa, adult
Cause of large variation in insects

46
Q

Malaria

A

Carried by anopheles mosquito
3.3 billion at risk
241 million cases worldwide each year

47
Q

Why breathe air - relative

A

Air is less dense and more oxygen rich than water
143L of water needed for 1L O2, compared to 4.8L air

48
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Discovered in Canada,
Devonian ~350 mya
Descent with modification - fishbian sequence

49
Q

Toktaalik fish / tetrapod characteristics

A

Fish - scales, gills, lungs, fins
Tetrapod - ribs, neck, fin skeleton, flat skull, eyes on top of head

50
Q

Amphibian characteristics

A

Bony skeleton - ribs present
Varied body forms
4 limbs
Smooth moist skin
Large mouth
Gills, lungs, skin exchange
3 chambered heart
Seperate sexes

51
Q

Amphibian orders

A

Salamander, frogs, caecilians

52
Q

Amphibian life cycle dependant on water for…?

A

Reproduction
Respiration

53
Q

Amphibian life cycles

A

Egg to tadpole to frog
Thyroxin triggers metamorphosis

54
Q

Nz primitive amphibians - 7 species

A

9 pre sacral vertebrae
Amphicoelous vertebrae - indents on both sides
No tympanic membrane or vocal sacs
Froglets from capsule
No webbing

55
Q

Amniotic egg parts

A

Embryo, yolk sac, chorion, allantois, albumen, amnion, she’ll

56
Q

Other amniotic adaptions

A

Rib breathing, keratinised scales, increased efficiency

57
Q

Reptilian characteristics

A

Body with horny epidermal scales
Paired limbs, 5 toes
Ossified skeleton
Lungs not gills
3/4 chambered heart
Ectothermic
Internal fertilisation
Eggs covered with shell

58
Q

Squamata (snakes)

A

Loss of legs
Trachea allows breathing while feeding
Unique sensory organs - pit organs, Jacobsons organ
Kinetic skull

59
Q

Pit organs

A

Detect infrared via temp stimulation of ion channels

60
Q

Jacobsons organ

A

Snakes smell air with tongue

61
Q

Role of venom

A

Adjust level of dose, operate by blocking acetylcholine receptors (affect neurotransmitters)
Activates lipase (breakdown cell membranes)
Cause necrosis (pre digests tissue)
Bite and release approach tags prey and release disintegrins

62
Q

Sphenodonta

A

Tuatara
2 bony arches on skull
Fused teeth to jaw
No external ear holes
Parietal organ

63
Q

Salamander breathing

A

Gas exchange mix of skin and lungs

64
Q

Lizards breathing

A

Intercostal muscles, less cutaneous exchange

65
Q

Tortoise breathing

A

Carapace interferes with intercostals so movement encourages lung expansion

66
Q

Crocodiles breathing

A

Extended respiratory system - breath through naris
Liver opens and closes lungs

67
Q

Features of living birds

A

Wings and feathers
High parental care
Externally incubated eggs
Beak but no teeth
large brains
Endothermic
High metabolic rate

68
Q

Traits for flight in birds

A

Honeycombed bones
Feathers shaped into aerodynamic wing
Superior power output - metabolic systems
Flight capacity

69
Q

Bird bones

A

Pneumatic (air filled)
Appear slender but higher density
Redistribution of mass

70
Q

Key structural features for flight

A

Rigidity
Reduction
Redistribution
Limb modification for flight

71
Q

Primary feathers

A

Flight feathers

72
Q

Rigidity adaptions for flight birds

A

Thoracic and cervical vertebrae bound together
Large keeled sternum (flight muscle attachment)
Uncinate processes (lateral bracing, strengthens rib cage)
Pelvis fusion (string attachment for legs- ilium, ischium, pubis, vertebrae)

73
Q

Reduction adaptations for flight

A

Lack urinary bladder
No teeth - mastication via gizzard
Gonads small
One ovary
Size

74
Q

ZPA

A

Zone of polarising activity

75
Q

Fgf8 and function

A

Fibroblast growth factor 8 causes extension of wings in embryo

76
Q

Pelagornithid

A

Ancient bird with 21 ft wingspan

77
Q

Air sacs in birds

A

Fill and store air
Allow unidirectional air flow through lungs
Metabolic rate increases 15x during flight

78
Q

Bar headed geese adaptations

A

High breathing rates
More mitochondria and blood flow in muscles
Haemoglobin has higher oxygen capacity
Higher heart rate at altitude

79
Q

Frigate bird

A

Uses air flow of tropics to stay in air

80
Q

Advantages of a coelom

A

Support - hydrostatic skeleton
Protection of organs
Nutrient transport
Waste removal
Reproduction

81
Q

Mantle function in molluscs

A

Secretes shell, encloses gill

82
Q

Radula

A

Hardened structures which resemble teeth

83
Q

Mollusc body systems

A

Protostomes
Osmoregulation
Open circulation
Nephridia (kidney like waste excretion)

84
Q

Gastropoda torsion

A

90-180 degree twisting during larva development
Torsion advantage is clean water enters from direction of travel

Bio 108 (6 decks)

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