Microbiology Flashcards
microorganism
organism too small to view with the naked eye
hgt and types
horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, conjugation
transformation hgt
uptake or integration of free DNA from the environment into the genome
transduction hgt
accidental transfer of genes between cels by viruses (bacteriophages)
conjugation hgt
gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact (eg plasmids)
asv
amplicon sequence variants used to characterise and identify bacteria/archaea
gene to identify bacteria species
16s ribosomal RNA gene
prokaryotes
lack a membrane-bound nucleus
eukaryotes
have a membrane-bound nucleus
plasma membrane
semi-permeable membrane
gram-positive bacteria
thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, stays purple when tested
gram-negative bacteria
thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane, turns pink/red when tested
prokaryote shape types
spheres (cocci)
rods (bacilli)
spirals
filaments
biofilm definition
organized microbial community encased in extracellular polymeric substances, creat protected mode of growth to allow survival in hostile environment
biofilm advantages
protection from predation, desiccation,antimicrobials
increases genetic diversity due to increased hgt
nutritional advantages
multicellularity
squid and bacteria relationship
symbiotic relationship between Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri
quorum sensing
gene regulation in response to cell population density (bacterial form of communication)
fungi common features
membrane enclosed nuclei
structurally complex
chemoorganoheterotrophs
obtain nutrients by breaking down organic compounds
saprophytes
absorb nutrients by releasing degradative enzymes
fungi industrial uses
fermentation (yeast), organic acids (citric), drugs (cortisone), anti-biotics (penicillin), immunosuppressive agents
major fungal groups
- chytridiomycota
- zygomycota
- glomeromycota
- ascomycota
- basiodiomycota
- microsporidia
chytridiomycota
simplest fungi, zoospore with flagellum. responsible for amphibian die off
basidiomycota
rusts, mushrooms,puffballs etc. key decomposers of plant material
ascomycota
sac fungi, human / plant pathogens.
winemaking fungi
saccharomyces ceravisiae
protists
eukaryotic organisms that is not animal plant or fungi.
dinoflagellates
micro algae that use flagellae spinning to move through water. key to harmful algae blooms
diatoms
micro algae with glasslike walls made of silicon dioxide
phytoplankton
key primary producers, sequester carbon in deep sea
SOIREE
southern ocean iron release, found iron is limiting factor in phytoplankton growth, but didn’t impact carbon levels
SERIES
sub-antarctic ecosystem response to iron enrichment, found majority of carbon is remineralized
viruses
acellular infectious agents comprised of protein and DNA or RNA
virion
complete virus particle. one or more DNA/Rna molecules contained in a protein coating (capsid)
potential to have envelope (secondary layer) with spikes
classification of viruses
genome structure, life cycle, morphology, genetic relationships
viral multiplication steps
attach to host cell
entry and uncoating of genomes
synthesis of key components
self assembly of virions
release of progeny
HIV protein spike
gp120
zoonotic diseases
animal borne disease transferred to humans
human virome
refers to all viruses present on or in the human body
Amount of carbon sequestered in bacteria
500 x 10^9
major steps in microbial research
1674 - 1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers animacules
1861 - Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation
1884 - Koch postulates publish, autoclave, phagocytosis and gram stain developed
1977 - Woese proves bacteria and archaea distinct
1980s - Mullis invents PCR
Bacteria reproduction
Binary fission
