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Bio 108 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

microorganism

A

organism too small to view with the naked eye

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2
Q

hgt and types

A

horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, conjugation

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3
Q

transformation hgt

A

uptake or integration of free DNA from the environment into the genome

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4
Q

transduction hgt

A

accidental transfer of genes between cels by viruses (bacteriophages)

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5
Q

conjugation hgt

A

gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact (eg plasmids)

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6
Q

asv

A

amplicon sequence variants used to characterise and identify bacteria/archaea

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7
Q

gene to identify bacteria species

A

16s ribosomal RNA gene

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8
Q

prokaryotes

A

lack a membrane-bound nucleus

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9
Q

eukaryotes

A

have a membrane-bound nucleus

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10
Q

plasma membrane

A

semi-permeable membrane

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11
Q

gram-positive bacteria

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, stays purple when tested

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12
Q

gram-negative bacteria

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane, turns pink/red when tested

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13
Q

prokaryote shape types

A

spheres (cocci)
rods (bacilli)
spirals
filaments

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14
Q

biofilm definition

A

organized microbial community encased in extracellular polymeric substances, creat protected mode of growth to allow survival in hostile environment

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15
Q

biofilm advantages

A

protection from predation, desiccation,antimicrobials
increases genetic diversity due to increased hgt
nutritional advantages
multicellularity

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16
Q

squid and bacteria relationship

A

symbiotic relationship between Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri

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17
Q

quorum sensing

A

gene regulation in response to cell population density (bacterial form of communication)

18
Q

fungi common features

A

membrane enclosed nuclei
structurally complex

19
Q

chemoorganoheterotrophs

A

obtain nutrients by breaking down organic compounds

20
Q

saprophytes

A

absorb nutrients by releasing degradative enzymes

21
Q

fungi industrial uses

A

fermentation (yeast), organic acids (citric), drugs (cortisone), anti-biotics (penicillin), immunosuppressive agents

22
Q

major fungal groups

A
  • chytridiomycota
  • zygomycota
  • glomeromycota
  • ascomycota
  • basiodiomycota
  • microsporidia
23
Q

chytridiomycota

A

simplest fungi, zoospore with flagellum. responsible for amphibian die off

24
Q

basidiomycota

A

rusts, mushrooms,puffballs etc. key decomposers of plant material

25
Q

ascomycota

A

sac fungi, human / plant pathogens.

26
Q

winemaking fungi

A

saccharomyces ceravisiae

27
Q

protists

A

eukaryotic organisms that is not animal plant or fungi.

28
Q

dinoflagellates

A

micro algae that use flagellae spinning to move through water. key to harmful algae blooms

29
Q

diatoms

A

micro algae with glasslike walls made of silicon dioxide

30
Q

phytoplankton

A

key primary producers, sequester carbon in deep sea

31
Q

SOIREE

A

southern ocean iron release, found iron is limiting factor in phytoplankton growth, but didn’t impact carbon levels

32
Q

SERIES

A

sub-antarctic ecosystem response to iron enrichment, found majority of carbon is remineralized

33
Q

viruses

A

acellular infectious agents comprised of protein and DNA or RNA

34
Q

virion

A

complete virus particle. one or more DNA/Rna molecules contained in a protein coating (capsid)
potential to have envelope (secondary layer) with spikes

35
Q

classification of viruses

A

genome structure, life cycle, morphology, genetic relationships

36
Q

viral multiplication steps

A

attach to host cell
entry and uncoating of genomes
synthesis of key components
self assembly of virions
release of progeny

37
Q

HIV protein spike

A

gp120

38
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

animal borne disease transferred to humans

39
Q

human virome

A

refers to all viruses present on or in the human body

40
Q

Amount of carbon sequestered in bacteria

A

500 x 10^9

41
Q

major steps in microbial research

A

1674 - 1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers animacules
1861 - Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation
1884 - Koch postulates publish, autoclave, phagocytosis and gram stain developed
1977 - Woese proves bacteria and archaea distinct
1980s - Mullis invents PCR

42
Q

Bacteria reproduction

A

Binary fission

Bio 108 (6 decks)

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