Plant & Animal Cells Flashcards
Cell theory states:
-All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products
-The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes
-All cells come from other cells, can’t come from non-living matter
Prokaryotes:
-The simplest organisms are archaea and bacteria
-Single celled life forms
-do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
Eukayotes:
-More complex cells can exist as single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms
-Have a more complex internal organization
-Contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Organelles:
-All cells have to perform the same basic activities to stay alive
-Each organelle has a specific function in the cell, the various organelles work together to meet the needs of the cell
-Cell membrane
-Centriole
-Cytoplasm
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Bodies
-Lysosome
-Mitochondria
-Nucleus
-Ribosome
-Vacuoles
-Cell Wall (Plant)
-Chloroplasts (Plant)
-Vacuole (Plant)
Cytoplasm:
-All organelles inside the cell are suspended in cytoplasm
-Mainly water, but contains other substances that the cell stores until needed
-Chemical reactions take place here
-Can change from jelly-like to liquid, allowing organelles to move around
Cell Membrane:
-Flexible double layer that surrounds the cell
-Supports the cell and allows some substances to enter while keeping others out
-Water and oxygen can easily pass through
-Larger molecules (proteins) can’t pass through easily
-Semi-permeable
-Similar membrane surrounds organelles in Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus:
-Spherical structure in cell
-Contains the genetic information that controls all cell activities
-This genetic information is stored on chromosomes
-Chromosomes contain DNA
-DNA contains the coded instructions for all cell activities
-When a cell divides the DNA is copied so every new cell has a complete set of DNA
Mitochondria:
-Cells contain many
-Called “power plants” because they make energy available to the cell
-Active cells (muscles) have more mitochondria than less active cells (fat-storing cells)
-Provides energy through a process called cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
-3D network of branching tubes and pockets
-extends through the cytoplasm and is continuous from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
-The fluid filled tubes transport materials (proteins) through the cell
Golgi Bodies:
-Collect and package materials to be moved from the cell
-Make and secrete mucus
-Cells that create a lot of mucus have more golgi bodies
-Can be found in the lining of the intestines
Vacuole:
-Compartment for storing substances that is surrounded by a membrane
-Single layer membrane sac enclosing fluid
-Function varies according to type of cell it’s found in
-Can contain substances, removing unwanted substances from the cell, maintaining internal fluid pressure within cell (turgor pressure)
-Animal cells have many small vacuoles
-Plant cells have one central vacuole
Ribosome:
-Builds proteins, essential for cell function by linking amino acids together
-Found floating in cytoplasm or attached to ER
Lysosome:
-Membrane bound sacs filled with enzymes
-Break down complex proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and other macromolecules into simpler compounds
-Simple compounds returned to cytoplasm to be re-used
Centriole:
-Pair of cylindrical organelles that play an important role in cell division for animal cells
-Help in the formation of spindle fibers, separate chromosomes during cell division
Cell Wall:
-Rigid/porous structure made of cellulose (outside of cell membrane)
-Provides support and protection from injury
-Plant cells usually have one large vacuole for storing water, takes up most of the space in the cell
-When full of water, turgor pressure keeps leaves and stem firm (if water level drops so do they)
