Plant Ancestors - Algae

Question 1

What are protists? (3 examples)

Answer 1

Euk but not plants/fungi/animals
ex. protozoans, euglenoids, algae

Question 1

What are protists? (3 examples)

Answer 1

Euk but not plants/fungi/animals
ex. protozoans euglenoids, algae

Question 2

Phylum Euglenophyta - not algae

Answer 2

• most in fresh water
• 2 flagella (long & short)
• not cell wall but PELLICLE (strips that spiral around cell under plasma membrane)
• eyespot & short flagellum - light detection
• 3 membrane chloroplast
• paramylon carbohydrates stored instead of starch
• all photosynthesize, some species eat food via gullet (mixotrophs)

Question 3

phycology

Answer 3

study of algae

Question 4

Algae + phyla based on ____

Answer 4

photosynthetic protists (euk)
phyla based on pigments:
- chromophyta (yellow-green/golden brown/brown algae/diatoms)
- rhodophyta (red algae)
- chlorophyta (green algae)
- streptophyta (green algae & land plants)

Question 5

Chromophyta Characteristics, Human Applications, Environmental Impacts

Answer 5

• all multicellular
• heteromorphic generations, sexual reproduction
• thallus - vegetative body of algae
• human apps: fertilizer, algin (glucose polymer)
• env: control ice crystal development, regulate water penetration, stabilize suspensions, kelp forests

common characteristic:
- incl. food research & pigments: chlorophyll c & fucoxanthin (brown), a xanthophyll pigment
- most yellow-green algae lack fucoxanthin

Question 6

thallus

Answer 6

vegetative body of algae

Question 7

brown algae and diatoms result from ____ ____

Answer 7

secondary endosymbiosis

Question 8

Rhodophyta Characteristics, Human Applications

Answer 8

• red algae (seaweed!)
• all multicellular, sexual reproduction
• red phycobiliproteins (more sensitive than chlorophyll) allow living in deep water

human apps: iodine, food, cell wall polysaccharides (agar, thickening agent)

Question 9

chlorophyta contain: (2)

Answer 9

prasinophytes & chlorophytes
green algae

Question 10

prasinophytes

Answer 10

marine, unicellular
motile (up to 8 flagella) & non-motile (plankton)
no cell walls, some have “scales”
1 chloroplast & 1 mitochondrion

Question 11

plankton

Answer 11

diverse collection of aquatic organisms that cannot propel themselves against water current (not necessarily plants, can be bacteria, etc)

Question 12

chlorophytes

Answer 12

mostly freshwater
unicellular, colonial, and multicellular (thalli)
chlorophyll a, b
pyrenoids - micro-compartments that concentrate CO2 for photosynthesis; found in green algae incl. Charophytes

Question 13

pyrenoids

Answer 13

micro-compartments that concentrate CO2 for photosynthesis; found in green algae incl. Charophytes, Chlorophytes

Question 14

streptophyta

Answer 14

green algae (charophytes; all freshwater)
- incl. Chara & Coleochaete
land plants

Question 15

charophytes: similarities to plants

Answer 15

• cells that resemble parenchyma (leaf cells)
• cellulose cell wall, plasmodesmata (cell-cell communication)
• develop phragmoplast & cell plate during mitosis
• zygotes protected w lignin-like compound

Question 16

Chara

Answer 16

• closely related to land plants (often called stoneworts; mineralized Ca cell walls)
• have thalli w whorled branches (node and internode features)
• shared w vascular plants: apical growth, lateral branches