Planning Theory Flashcards
What are the basic steps of Rational Planning?
Set goals determine alternatives evaluate the alternatives choose an alternative implement the alternative evaluate
What does the term “satisfice” mean and refer to?
Herbert Simon coined the term “satisfice”
principle of bounded rationality
accepts that the human mind is limited in its ability to solve problems. we instead choose alternatives that are good enough.
Simon argued that the rational ‘economic man’ should be replaced by the ‘administrative man’ who satisfies.
What is a “wicked problem?”
problems that are complicated and difficult to solve (eg. homelessness - no root cause and no alternative to eliminate the problem).
Rational planning cannot be used for wicked problems
A criticism of rational planning is that it does not specify who sets goals. explain.
rationality is supposed to be value-free. goals are based on public interest, defined as the good of the whole community. rational planning should not be used when there is not consensus within a community on a particular issue.
“The Science of Muddling Through”
Charles Lindblom
published 1959
introduced the concept of incrementalism
Incremental Planning
Charles Lindblom argued that people makes their plans and decisions in an incremental manner, accomplishing their goals through a series of successive, limited comparisons.
He suggested that planning has to be piecemeal, incremental, opportunistic, and pragmatic. Planning in the real world is not rational and comprehensive, but is instead disjointed and incremental.
How did Charles Lindblom argue that problems are solved?
Problems are solved through a series of policies at different points in time, rather than all at once. The planning process is focused on solving existing problems rather than on achieving a future desired state.
According to Lindblom, how do planners analyze alternatives?
They do not attempt to analyze alternatives in detail but instead consider where alternatives differ from one another or from what is being done presently. Decision-makers consider only a limited number of policy alternatives and, while doing so, consider only a limited number of important consequences.
How is the zoning ordinance an example of incremental planning?
Planning departments rarely conduct a complete overhaul of the zoning ordinance; instead, the zoning ordinance is tweaked to assist in achieving the goals of the comprehensive plan.
Mixed Scanning
Amitai Etzioni
Mixed scanning as a compromise between rational and incremental planning theories.
Mixed scanning views planning decisions at two levels: the big picture and the small picture.
Fundamental policy-shaping decisions should be based on a careful rational analysis of alternatives.
Implementation decisions should use an incremental approach.
How does Mixed Scanning theory improve upon incrementalism?
Mixed Scanning recognizes the difference between policy-changing decisions and implementation decisions.
For example a comprehensive plan would be created using the rational approach and implemented using the incremental approach.
Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff
1960s
a way to represent the interests of groups within a community.
Planners should work to create plans that represent varying interest groups, resulting in plural plans for public consideration.
“Public Interest’
“The good of the whole”
Advocacy planning argued that planning for the good of the whole results in inadequate representation for many groups.
In advocacy planning, whose interest should a planner further?
The advocacy planner should be responsible for a particular interest group in the community and create plans that express that group’s values and objectives. Planners would either work directly for the interest group or as an inside advocate at the city hall.
What was the key change that advocacy planning introduced to incremental and rational planning?
Advocacy planning shifted for whom the planner plans, but it did not change what the planner does.
What is a criticism of Advocacy Planning?
It can also result in conflict among interest groups and be hard for decision makers to decide which plan to implement.
Equity Planning
Norman Krumholz
Cleveland during the 1970s
argued that the role of the planner should be to advocate specifically for the disadvantaged in the community.
planners should work to redistribute power, resources, or participation away from the elite and toward the poor and working-class residents of the community.
What is the focus of equity planning?
Increased emphasis should be given to the process of personal and organizational development, not to specific community objectives. Plans are evaluated on improvements to the quality of life, not the delivery of services.
What is a criticism of equity planning?
it leaves planners with few options if local leaders (mayor and council) are not in tune with the need for progressive political action.
Transactive Planning
John Friedmann
1973, published the book “Retracking America: A Theory of Transactive Planning.”
the planner meets with individuals in the community to discuss issues and help develop a plan. Through a process of “mutual learning,” the planner shares technical knowledge, while the citizens provide community knowledge.
What are some criticisms of Transactive Planning?
It takes a large amount of time to meet with individuals and utilize the mutual learning process.
How to evaluate the importance of each person’s community knowledge?
Cannot work in situations in which there are large differences of opinion and/or many stakeholders.
Radical Planning
John Friedmann
1987, published book “Planning in the Public Domain; From Knowledge to Action”
Involves taking power away from the government and giving it to the people. In this process, citizens get together and develop their own plans.
What is a criticism of Radical Planning?
Difficult to implement, and there are few examples of U.S. governments allowing neighborhoods or individual groups to develop and implement their own plans.
What is a partial example of radical planning in action?
some public housing authorities have turned management decisions over to tenants, who are responsible for proposing policy change.
Communicative Planning
This theory recognizes that planning operates within the realm of politics and that it contains a variety of stakeholder interests. The communicative approach tries to use a rational model as a basis for bringing mutual understanding among all stakeholders. Planners can provide the stakeholders with information and bring people together to discuss the issues.
How is communicative planning different from advocacy planning and transactive planning?
it is a shift from planning for different groups of people to a situation where the planner acts as a facilitator among stakeholders.
What is the planner’s role is Communicative Planning?
The communicative planner’s primary function is to listen to people’s views and assist in forging a consensus among different viewpoints. The planner’s role is to mediate among stakeholders through talk and discussion. Here, social interaction can be structured to foster group understanding and consensus.
Who were the proponents of rational planning
Edward Banfield
Harvey Perloff
What are the five D’s?
Desires Designs Deductions Decisions Deeds
Another way to describe the 5 steps of rational planning
What are other terms for rational planning?
Synoptic Planning
Comprehensive Planning
What is a criticism of rational planning?
Assumes that there is a scientific method to planning and best decision, which is not reflective of reality.
Expert-driven, ignores community desires and equity issues.
What two levels did Etzioni advise organizations to plan on?
The tactical and the strategic level.
Normative Planning
Kevin Lynch
most relevant to Urban Design
Theories behind what ought to happen in the planning of cities.
How should cities look and function?
What are the core values of urban planning?
equity and social justice public interest sustainability healthy and prosperous communities diversity democratic engagement transparency
comprehensive plan standards for sustaining places: APA guide to look up
A guiding compass; APA’s equity diversity and inclusion strategy
