Planning history and theory Flashcards
When and How was the APA founded?
On October 1, 1978, The APA emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Certified Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials
When was the first National Conference on City Planning and Congestion Relief in Washington DC?
1909
What were the predecessors of the American Planning Association and when were they founded?
American Institute of Planners (AIP) was founded in 1917 as the American City Planning Institute. It was renamed AIP in 1939.
The American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded in 1934
Where and when was the first planning course taught in the United States?
Harvard University, landscape architecture department, 1909
When was Walter Moody’s “Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago” published and what is its significance?
It was adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
When was Flavel Shurtleff’s “Carrying Out the City Plan” written and what was it’s significance?
The first major textbook on city planning.
When was the American City Planning Institute (ACPI) founded and who was the first president?
1917
Frederick Law Olmsted, jr.
When was the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association?
1925
published by the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning
When was the American Society of Planning Officials founded?
1934
When was the Code of Ethics for Professional Planners adopted by the American Institute of Planners (AIP)?
1971
When was the first exam for AIP membership administered?
1977
When did the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning publish the first issue of the “Journal of Planning Education and Research?”
1981
Which city passed the first land use zoning restrictions on the location of noxious uses in 1867?
San Francisco
In 1903, Cleveland created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Who were responsible for its development?
Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner
in 1906, San Francisco was the first major American city to apply _________________ principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham?
City Beautiful
Where was the first town planning board created in 1907?
Hartford, CT
In 1909, Who created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago?
Daniel Burnham
Which was the first state to pass enabling legislation?
Wisconsin
What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development?
Los Angeles
in 1914, which city hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission and who were they?
Newark, New Jersey
Harland Bartholomew
The first comprehensive zoning code adopted in New York City in 1916 was written by who?
Edward Basset
In 1922, which county formed the first regional planning commission?
Los Angeles County
In 1924, Who issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act?
Secretary Herbert Hoover of the U.S. Department of Commerce
In 1925, which was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan?
Who produced the plan?
Cincinnati
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
in 1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released which Act?
The Standard City Planning Enabling Act
In 1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. What happened to it?
It was later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943.
Where and when was the first federally supported public housing constructed?
1934, Cleveland
Where the the first occupied federally supported public housing?
Atlanta
Which state was the first to introduce statewide zoning and when?
Hawaii
1961
later amended in 1978
Books
“How the Other Half Lives”
by Jacob Riis
published 1890
This book resulted in housing reform in NYC.
Books
“Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”
by Ebenezer Howard
published 1898
This book initiated the Garden City movement
Books
“Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago”
by Walter Moody
published 1912
This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago.
Books
“Carrying out the City Plan”
by Flavel Shurtleff
published 1914
This was the first major textbook on city planning.
Books
“Cities in Evolution”
by Patrick Geddes
published 1915
This book centers on regional planning, and Geddes is known as the “father of regional planning.”
Books
“Planning of the Modern City”
by Nelson Lewis
published 1916
Books
“Local Planning Administration”
by Ladislas Segoe
published 1941
This book was the first in the Green Book series produced by the international City/County Management Association.
Books
“Urban Land Use Planning”
by F. Stuart Chapin
published 1957
This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
Books “Image of the City”
by Kevin Lynch
published 1960
This book defines the basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Books
“The Death and Life of Great American Cities”
by Jane Jacobs
published 1961
Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
Silent Spring
by Rachel Carson
published 1962
This book focusses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment
Books
“The Urban General Plan”
by TJ Kent
published 1964
This book marked a change in the philosophy of planning. Planning was now more comprehensive and seen as “multi-layered matrixes.” The goal of planning was no longer an ideal state, but “an activity stream relating to problems and goal definition, program design … and evaluation.”
Kent exemplified the change and provided a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban comprehensive plan, and how it was currently being applied.
Books
“With Heritage So Rich”
edited by Alfred Reins
published 1966
This is a seminal book on historic preservation
Books
“Design with Nature”
by Ian McHarg
published 1969
This book focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that was later the basis of GIS.
Books
“The Social life of Small Urban Spaces”
by Willian Whyte
published in 1980
this book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design
Charles Abrams
Created the New York Housing Authority.
In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that was highly critical of U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Thomas Adams
Important planner during the Garden City Movement
he was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth, U.K.
he developed several Garden City suburbs in England
later taught at Harvard and MIT
Saul Alinsky
Advocate of community organizing
organized Chicago’s poor in late 1930s and 1940s
“Reveille for Radicals,” published 1946, encouraged poor to get involved in American democracy
“Rules for Radicals,” provided 13 rules for community organizing.
Sherry Arnstein
wrote “Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association, 1969
describes level of involvement by citizens depending on form of participation
Daniel Burnham
Chicago architect and prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement
behind the 1883 Columbian Exposition
1909 Plan of Chicago
“make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.”
Rachel Carson
wrote “Silent Spring” an important book in environmental planning
Robert Moses
Transformed New York’s public works from the 1930s through the 50s.
He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways.
He built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels and public housing.
John Nolen
designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect.
created the first comprehensive plan in Florida
contributed to park system in Madison, Wisconsin
designed Venice, FL
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
the father of landscape architecture
responsible for many of the nations most important parks including Central Park, Prospect Park, Niagra reservation, university campus landscapes
park design team for Riverside Illinois, laid out in 1868
Clarence Perry
developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, NJ.
key contributor to 1929 “Regional Survey of New York and its Environs”
Paolo Soleri
architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in AZ, focussed on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
Clarence Stein
designed Sunnyside Gardens in Queens; Radburn, NJ; and other garden suburbs in the U.S.
He was a major proponent of the Garden City Movement
wrote “New Town for America” in 1951
Rexford Tugwell
head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal
worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought the construction of new, self-sufficient cities
developed Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community.
later served on the New York City Planning Commission
served as governor of Puerto Rico
Sir Raymond Unwin
an English town planner and designer of Letchworth
later lectured at University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University
wrote “Town Planning in Practice” in 1909
Catherine Bauer Wurster
a founder of American housing policy
worked to reform housing and city planning related policies
served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America
wrote “Modern Housing” published in 1934
influential in the passing of the Housing Act of 1937
City Beautiful Movement
Late 1800’s to early 1900’s
Daniel Burnham was the lead promoter
Proponents believed they could make the city clean, virtuous and moral with design. The movement was a response to severe poverty, crime, and blight
Resulted in Beaux-Arts style civic centers across the US.
The White City, model civic center designed by Burnham for the 1883 Columbia Exposition in Chicago
the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C. is another example.
The McMillan Plan
1901
Sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s plan for Washington DC
sponsored by Senator James McMillan
The Commission included Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., and Charles McKim.
The Garden City Movement
1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform.
book reissued in 1902 as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”
Howard formed “Garden City Association in England in 1899.
A garden city is a self-contained city intended to bring about economic and social.
Influential in the US
What is a Garden City?
A garden city is a self-contained city of 32,000 residents on 6,000 acres. the city would house 30,000 of the people on 1,000 acres, while the remainder would live on the remaining area in farming areas. Land ownership would be held in a corporation.
What was the first Garden City?
Letchworth, England was constructed in 1903
What was the New Town Movement in the US?
It was influenced by the Garden City movement and the construction of Letchworth, England
Who promoted the Garden City movement in the United States?
The Regional Planning Association of America, led by Lewis Mumford
Benton MacKaye (who conceived the Appalachian trail)
and others
When and where was the first Garden City attempted in the U.S.?
Sunnyside Gardens, Queens in 1922
Clarance Stein devised a plan for 1,202 housing units on 77 acres.
The development was more of the planned community than a Garden City.
When and where was the first Garden City constructed in America?
1928, Radburn, NJ
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright
The City Efficient
aka City Scientific
A reaction against the City Beautiful movement which was too concerned with beauty and not enough with efficiency and function
denounced City Beautiful movement at the first National Planning conference in 1909
The City Humane
arose in the 1930s following the Great Depression.
primarily concerned with jobs and housing
Resettlement Administration
Established by president Roosevelt in 1935, during Great Depression.
Responsible for the Greenbelt towns program (or Green Towns Program)
The Greenbelt Towns Program
The Resettlement Administration developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.
New Towns Act
Great Britain, 1946 (following WWII)
led to the development of more than 12 towns based on Howard’s ideas
most Garden Cities that were developed lacked industry and true city centers and became just residential suburbs
Park Forest, Illinois
developed as a New Town in the US following WWII
Land Ordinance of 1785
provided for the rectangular land survey of the old northwest
the survey was completed following the end of the revolutionary war and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.
The Homestead Act
1862
passed by Congress, provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and guaranteed 5 years of residence.
result was the settlement of 270 million acres, or 1/10 of the U.S. land area
Morrill Act
1862
allowed new western states to establish colleges
aka Land Grant College Act
General Land Law Revision Act
1891, passed by Congress
Gave the president the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
Forest Management Act
1897, allowed the secretary of the interior to manage forest preserves.
1902 U.S. Reclamation Act
allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems
Public Lands Commission
1903, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt to propose rules for land development and management.
1906 Antiquities Act
first law to provide federal protection for archeological sites.
The Act allowed for the designation of national monuments.
the Resettlement Administration
formed in 1935 to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform.
result was the development of Greenbelt towns
1944, The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
aka the GI Bill
guaranteed home loans to veterans
the result was rapid development of suburbs
Chicago Plan of 1909
Daniel Burnham
the first regional plan in the US
incorporated ideas of City Beautiful Movement
waterfront development, parks, civic center spaces
criticized for failing to address issues: poverty, transportation efficiency, did not forsee automobile impacts
The Cincinnati Plan
1925
first comprehensive plan
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
focussed on infrastructure projects and called for planning to be controlled by a citizen city planning commission.
The Regional Plan for New York and its Environs
1922 - 1929
focussed on suburban development, highway construction, suburban recreational facilities.
Clarence Stein and Lewis Mumford were involved
The U.S. Housing Act of 1954
huge impetus for comprehensive planning
act required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under section 701.
criticism was that plans were created mainly for the acquisition of federal funds
Second Regional Plan of New York and its Environs
1970
addressed transit and commercial rehabilitation
was exemplary of a shift in focus in comprehensive planning towards social issues: equity, neighborhood preservation, affordable housing, environmental protection, historic preservation.
When did Oregon and Minnesota pass laws requiring comprehensive planning?
1970’s
When did Florida pass a law requiring comprehensive planning?
1985
What are the four theories of Urban Development?
Concentric Circle
Sector
Multiple Nuclei
Central Place
Concentric Circle Theory
1925
Ernest Burgess, sociologist who studied Chicago’s growth
believed cities grew outwards in a series of rings and land use is based on distance from downtown.
- CBD, governmental, commercial and office use
- Industrial Zone
- Transition Zone, mix of industrial and low-income housing (before was high income with large houses)
- Middle Class Housing Zone
- Commuter Zone, higher income housing
Bid rent curve
inspired by Burgess Concentric Circle Theory
theory explaining land use patterns based on how much people are willing to pay for land, and the profits they are likely to receive from business on that land
CBD most expensive and profitable
Sector Theory
1939
Homer Hoyt
argued against Burgess concentric theory.
believed land uses vary based on transportation routes. the city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the city center.
Multiple Nuclei Theory
Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman
1945
argued that cities develop in a series of specific land use nuclei. A land use nucleus is formed because of accessibility to natural resources, clustering of similar uses, land prices, and the repelling power of land uses.
Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller
1933
used to explain the size and spacing of cities. There is a minimum market threshold to bring a firm to a city and there is a maximum range of people who are willing to travel to receive goods and services.
also used to explain hierarchy of retail establishments in cities (nail salon every block, grocery store every 10 blocks, shopping center farther away)
First Amendment
Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Association
applies to adult uses and signs, religious facilities, and group homes.
Fifth Amendment
Just compensation for takings
cases of takings and eminent domain
Fourteenth Amendment
Due process, substantive due process, procedural due process, and equal protection
due process can be applied to takings, eminent domain, and exactions.
substantive due process is about the validity of the rule itself (aesthetics)
procedural due process is about whether the rules were applied fairly (how was an ordinance applied?)
Equal protection, often applied to exclusionary zoning
Alfred Bettman
Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”
