Areas of Practice Flashcards

Question

What does a scale of 1:500,000 mean?

Answer 1

1 inch equals 7.89 miles

Answer 2

1 inch equals 31.57 miles

Answer 3

0-0.5% = no drainage, not suited for development; 0.5-1% = no problems, ideal for all types of development; 1-3% = slight problems for large commercial areas; acceptable for residential; 3-5% = major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential; 5-10% = suitable only for specially designed development.

Answer 4

conic cylindrical planar

Answer 5

Allows the Earth to be projected on a flat surface

Answer 6

Contour lines, or lines of equal elevation, are used to represent height (elevation) and structure on a flat map. A contour interval is the distance between contour lines. The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the terrain.

Answer 7

the change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance two points: (X, Y) (Xi, Yi) ΔY/ΔX

Answer 8

The ratio of the gross floor area of a building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site, i.e., the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot where it sits. The floor area of the building is measured to the middle of the outside walls and includes the inside walls as part of the calculation. Depending on the locality, floor area sometimes excludes unfinished basements, carports, structured parking, mechanical rooms, and other non-habitable spaces.

Answer 9

The floor area of the building or house on the site may not exceed 10,000 square feet. This FAR could be achieved with either a single-story, 10,000-square-feet structure or a 2-story structure with 5,000-square-feet per floor.

Answer 10

includes site selection, transportation, earthwork and utilities, and design of the site.

Answer 11

The subdivision of land, or platting, first appeared in the United States in 1660.

Answer 12

the division of land into two or more parcels, sites, or lots, for the purpose of transfer of ownership, development, or other forms of valuable interest. This definition varies from state to state and may include minimum acreage requirements.

Answer 13

a map of a tract or parcel of land

Answer 14

allows for lots to be subdivided further or added back together.

Answer 15

corrects errors or adds additional information to a plat.

Answer 16

allows for a plat to be terminated prior to the selling of any lots.

Answer 17

Is a to-scale mechanical drawing with precise topography and prescribed intervals showing the calculated location of all lots, streets, drainage patterns, facilities, and proposed dedications.

Answer 18

The approved preliminary plat with all bearing, monuments, curves, and notations, together with all dedications, easement, and approvals.

Answer 19

- To regulate subdivision development and implement planning policies - To implement plans for orderly growth and development within the city's boundaries and extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) - To ensure adequate provision for streets, alleys, parks, and other facilities indispensable to the community - To protect future purchasers from inadequate police and fire protection - To ensure sanitary conditions and other governmental services - To require compliance with certain standards - To officially register land

Answer 20

- The applicant submits a preliminary plat - A preliminary plat is reviewed by staff for compliance with subdivision regulations - Plat is then reviewed by the planning commission - Once the preliminary plat is approved by the planning commission, the property owner prepares the final plat - Final plat then repeats the process above until it is approved by the planning commission.

Answer 21

The ETJ is a distance outside of the city limits where the subdivision regulations apply. The distance is specified under state law and usually increases with population size.

Answer 22

A performance bond is an agreement between the property owner and the community to ensure that the final plat is built as shown on the drawings within a certain time period. If the developer fails to meet the requirements, the government may use the bond to cover the cost of constructing the improvements. The bond is released once the improvements are in place and have been inspected by the local government.

Answer 23

During the subdivision process, the property owner is frequently required to provide exactions, either in the form of dedication of land or payment in-lieu of dedication.

Answer 24

are gifts of land for public purposes, such as roads, parks, and utilities.

Answer 25

are typically charged for off-site infrastructure needed to provide service to a development, such as a water or a sewer main.

Answer 26

a voluntary contract between a local jurisdiction and a property owner detailing the obligations of both parties and specifying the standards and conditions that will govern development of the property. Although the agreements are voluntary, once made they are binding on the parties and their successors. A development agreement provides assurances to the developer that the development regulations that apply to the project will not change during the term of the agreement. The city or county may require conditions to mitigate project impacts, as well as clarification about project phasing and timing of public improvements.

Answer 27

A subdivision bonus is the extension of development benefits beyond those normally offered in exchange for enhancements such as affordable housing, cluster housing, and open space preservation. The developer may receive assistance with infrastructure, impact fees may be waived, or the ability to construct at a higher density may be granted.

Answer 28

Zoning, in its simplest form, is the separation of land uses or functions into separate districts (or "zones"). Zoning is implemented through locally enacted legislation that regulates and controls the use of private property.

Answer 29

The purposes of zoning are to regulate land use, prevent land use conflicts, and allow growth to occur in a planned manner. Zoning can also do the following: - Protect and maintain property values; - Promote public health and safety; - Protect the environment; - Promote the aesthetic of a community; - Manage traffic; - Manage density; - Limit housing size and type, or encourage a variety of housing types; - Attract businesses and industries.

Answer 30

Zoning controls many elements. most common: Land use Lot Size Density Building placement Building height Building bulk Setbacks Provision of adequate light and air Parking Landscaping Signage

Answer 31

The planning and zoning commission is required to issue recommendations in matters of zoning. These recommendations are made to a governing body (e.g., the city council or county commissioners). In other cases, P&Z renders final approval of cases. - made up of community residents and business owners. Members are appointed by the governing body. - read staff reports, visit sites prior to meetings, and come prepared to participate in discussions with applicants at P&Z meetings. - should think long term. For instance, while rezoning a parcel for a specific proposed use might not seem to impact an area significantly, once the zoning change is made, a property may be used for any use allowable in that zoning district.

Answer 32

The board of zoning appeals, aka the board of zoning adjustment or zoning board of adjustment, is a quasi-judicial board that hears cases for variances, special exceptions to the zoning ordinance, and appeals of staff's administration of the zoning ordinance. Variances are discussed in more detail below. The governing body appoints members to the board. As with the planning and zoning commission, members are community members who volunteer their time.

Answer 33

The governing body of a city often has the final say on zoning issues. The planning and zoning commission makes recommendations on zoning cases to the city council. The city council is then charged with making the final decision on whether to approve or disapprove a case. For a community to adopt a zoning code, two separate documents must be created: the zoning text and the zoning map.

Answer 34

The zoning text, ordinance, or code lays out the exact regulations that zoning is created to implement. It is a document that is adopted as law by the local governing body. The text must, at a minimum, establish the different zones applicable in the community and the uses allowable in each zone, either by right or with a conditional use permit. It should also define various requirements for setbacks, parking, signs, and include definitions, information on height restrictions, and procedures for zoning applications and appeals, or variances, to the zoning ordinance.

Answer 35

An amendment to the zoning ordinance changes the requirements for all properties. For example, an ordinance limiting the size of satellite dishes would apply to all properties. An amendment to the zoning map changes the zoning district on a particular property. For example, at the edge of the community, a developer may apply to change the zoning from an agricultural district to a single-family district. If approved, the map would be changed to reflect the newly assigned zoning district. Amendments can be initiated by staff, the planning and zoning commission, the governing body, or at a property owner's request.

Answer 36

Euclidean Zoning Cumulative Zoning Modified Cumulative Zoning

Answer 37

a. Named after city of Euclid Ohio b. Places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses and virtually none on industrial uses. c. Highest restrictions in single-family residential zones

Answer 38

a. Each successive zoning district allows all the uses from the previous zones i. A single-family district allows single family homes ii. A multi-family district allows apartments and all uses allowed in the single-family district. iii. A commercial district allows retail and commercial uses and all uses allowed in the multi-family district. iv. An industrial district allows industrial uses and all uses allowed in the commercial district.

Answer 39

a. Districts are cumulative by type of land use i. A multi-family district would allow both multi-family and single-family homes ii. An industrial district would. Not allow residential uses.

Answer 40

• Permitted uses are listed in the zoning

Answer 41

• Conditional uses may be listed as conditional uses and would require permission from the city • Conditional use permits allow certain uses when compatable with surroundings also known as “special use permit” or “specific use permit” • Permits can be issued in two ways: o run with the land: any new user is required to follow the same conditions o run with the ownership: offers the community an opportunity to review the circumstances if ownership or use changes

Answer 42

• is a property use that existed prior to the adoption of district regulations and is allowed to continue under the “grandfather clause.” • Some communities allow the use to continue indefinitely until it natural ceases or for a set period of time. • The subsequent use would require the property to conform to the zoning. • Amortization sets a definite period of time within which the use must come into. Compliance with the zoning ordinance.

Answer 43

• One that is incidental to the main use of the property. • Typically located on the same lot and smaller in size than the main use • Examples; outside sales, outside storage, telecommunications tower, garage apartment (adu)

Answer 44

• An alternative to strict zoning regulations • Used in large developments with a mix of uses • The entire development site plan is reviewed by a governing body • In exchange, developer offers increased community amenities and open space (bike trails, recreation centers, landscaped medians and natural open space) • Zoning ordinance will set a minimum acceptable acreage for a PUD • If the site plan changes, an amendment is required with the same process as a rezoning.

Answer 45

They are planned entirely up front with attention to a site plan. They can allow for more innovative development design. They allow flexibility that normal subdivision and zoning regulations cannot.

Answer 46

PUDs are challenging from an administrative standpoint and require. More initial review time and need to be amended if there is a change.

Answer 47

o Location of the property and all abutting properties and streets o Location and size of streets within the development o Location of proposed use of buildings o Location and capacity of infrastructure and public facilities o Proposed landscaping and pedestrian ways o Location of open space o Sign sizes and locations

Answer 48

• Places more restrictions on the property owner than a PUD • Is a set of additional restrictions placed over existing zoning. • Examples: airports, historic preservation, neighborhood revitalization zones, flood hazard areas, enterprise zones, and foreign trade zones.

Answer 49

Is a change in the terms of the zoning regulations due to economic or physical hardship.

Answer 50

o a use variance: allows a property to build and maintain a use not explicitly allowed under the zoning district regulations. o an area variance: allows a property to be excluded from the physical site requirements under the zoning ordinance.

Answer 51

o There is a unique physical or economic hardship o The variance will not result in a reduction in property values o The property owner did not cause the need for the variance o There variance is not contrary to the spirit of the zoning ordinance

Answer 52

• Generally, has 50,000 or more sf in a large box

Answer 53

• Include the practice of raising farm animals indoors in high volumes • Right-to-Farm laws limit the ability of local government to regulate commercial farms and limits lawsuits by private and public organizations.

Answer 54

• Is the ratio of a building’s total gross floor area to the size of the piece of land it is built on. • FAR is most frequently used in downtowns to control light and air • A FAR of 0.1 means on a 10,000sf lot, the building can be no more than 1,000sf.

Answer 55

• Are an alternative to the conventional minimum parking standards used in most communities • They cap the amount of parking a property owner or business can provide • Address issue of too much impervious cover and the undermining of pedestrian quality

Answer 56

Describes large houses that are mass produced and have perceived negative impacts on the community because they are out of scale with surrounding homes.

Answer 57

A home that appears to have been dropped into a neighborhood where it clearly does not fit with the neighborhoods character.

Answer 58

• Is a term that refers to the demolition of a home for the purpose of building a larger home on the same lot. • Frequently occurs in large cities and neighborhoods convenient to employment centers.

Answer 59

Refers to strategies used by government agencies at all levels to help guide the type, intensity, location, and timing of new development. Interest in these strategies often stems from concerns about the compatibility of new growth with surrounding uses and/or the need to minimize the costs associated with supplying public services to support new development.

Answer 60

planning for greater sustainability Smart growth provides economic benefits "for individuals, for neighborhoods, for communities, for developers, for land owners, and for the economy as a whole."

Answer 61

- Create a range of housing opportunities and choices; - Create walkable neighborhoods; - Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration; - Foster distinctive, attractive places with a strong sense of place; - Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective; - Mix land uses; - Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas; - Provide a variety of transportation choices; - Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities; - Take advantage of compact building design.

Answer 62

a legislative guidebook that focuses on updating state legislation to encourage better planning and zoning laws.

Answer 63

balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment to meet the needs of present and future populations. Sustainability includes environmental, social, and economic components.

Answer 64

first coined in 1994 by John Elkington. His argument was that companies should be preparing three different bottom lines: one for corporate profit, one for people, and one for the planet. These three Ps were intended to measure the financial, social, and environmental performance of a corporation over a period of time.

Answer 65

A biological concept indicating the maximum population size of a species that could be sustained in perpetuity within the environment, given the availability of food, water, habitat, etc. The concept of carrying capacity is used in city planning to discuss the maximum population and employment that could be carried within a particular community. This can relate to the amount of land available for development, as well as infrastructure capacity. The term "carrying capacity" was first used in 1845 by the then U.S. Secretary of State James Buchanan. Ian McHarg wrote about the concept of carrying capacity in his book Design with Nature.

Answer 66

deals with the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate. Thus, it is a byproduct of land use and intensity of use, factors which "induce" people to travel. The propensity to make trips is also dependent on the characteristics of the journey, trip purpose, and socioeconomic characteristics of the person making the trip (income, age, auto ownership).

Answer 67

Used to determine trip generation. An Origin-Destination Survey will set up roadblocks along major routes. The imaginary line that denotes the boundary of the study area is known as the cordon line. Motorists within the cordon area can then be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination). A more detailed survey with questions on socioeconomic characteristics can also be given to those sampled. That questionnaire is generally mailed back by the respondent.

Answer 68

used to estimate trip generation. They allow for estimates of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. Trip generation estimates based on current data become less and less valid with age. When local surveys are unavailable due to time or monetary constraints, published rates are used to derive estimates. Trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and should only be seen as estimates.

Answer 69

- 10 daily trip ends for every 1,000 square feet of general office space - 9 daily trip ends per single family residential dwelling - 7 daily trip ends per apartment unit - 38 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of shopping center space - 5 daily trip ends per 1,000 square feet of light industrial development

Answer 70

refers to the origin or destination point of a journey

Answer 71

examines where people are going. A region or area is often divided into traffic zones. Trip distribution information generally provides information on how many trips are made between each zone and every other zone. The trip distribution component of the planning process also provides information on trip distances, time and cost, the nature of the trip, socioeconomic characteristics, and the nature of the transportation system.

Answer 72

can be used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the "gravitational pull") and inversely proportional to the trip length.

Answer 73

deals with how people get to where they want to go, and the form of transportation that they use. By having information on the number of people using cars, mass transit (bus, train, etc.), bicycles, or walking, planners are able to estimate how many vehicles need to get from one place to another.

Answer 74

(Average Annual Daily Traffic) is the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year;

Answer 75

equals the hourly traffic during the peak period

Answer 76

is the peak hour volume during different seasons

Answer 77

the capacity of the roadway to handle traffic.

Answer 78

also known as trip assignment, allows us to use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway (the routes that will be used), by the hour. Peak volumes can then be compared with DHV to see which, if any, roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity, i.e., where the congestion is going to occur.

Answer 79

is a measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories. VMT is a function of many factors, including topography, population density, travel distances between home and other daily destinations (such as work, shopping, and recreation), and the availability of mass transit. Communities vary in their mix and in the significance of these factors. High VMT indicates that more vehicles are on the road to meet growing employment, errand, and other travel demands. It can also mean that the trip origins and destinations are getting farther apart and travel times are becoming longer.

Answer 80

focuses on everything from the nature of street hierarchy to design guidelines for local streets.

Answer 81

to group streets and highways into classes, or systems, according to their character of service: local or residential streets are designed to serve only local land uses, collectors funnel traffic from local streets to arterials, arterials are major through roads that carry a large traffic volume. Arterials are often divided into major and minor arterials and rural and urban arterials. The functional classification system has been criticized for failing to consider the context in road design (other than "urban" and "rural").

Answer 82

- 500-foot maximum tangents; - Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicle speed; - 150 feet between intersections; - Clear sight distances of 75 feet.

Answer 83

As street classifications change, so do the standards. For example, the tangent and curve radii are supposed to be higher on collector streets because clearer sight distance is needed at higher speeds.

Answer 84

Federal Highway Administration studies following World War II. Definitions of “good” standards were based on “new” subdivision designs. These standards are often too wide for most local streets and are only advantageous if there is a lot of traffic and no off-street parking.

Answer 85

Only 41 percent of U.S. roads meet the requirements for a “good ride,” as scored according to the International Roughness Index. Deteriorating roads aren’t only a nuisance for human drivers mapping software must be highly accurate—for difficult intersections, down to the inch. Even minute alterations impede the growth of AVs.

Answer 86

- Grid, a street pattern common in ancient cities and often advocated by New Urbanist planners for facilitating pedestrian access; variants of the classic grid include the block grid, curved block grid, and curved grid; - Loop streets with minimum and maximum depth standards; - Cul-de-sacs with maximum length and minimum radius standards of 400-450 feet long and 40-foot turn-around radius; - Plaza and hammerhead street style, usually insufficient for vehicular turn-around.

Answer 87

0.5%. In areas with cold winters the maximum gradient is 5%; it is 8% for areas with mild winters.

Answer 88

published by the Transportation Research Board, provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type.

Answer 89

Range from A to F. An LOS of A means there is free-flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds.

Answer 90

Designating 65,000 km of interstate highways. These highways, to be selected by state highway departments, authorized the highway system but did not provide funding.

Answer 91

Responsible for implementing the highway system, and in 1947 designated 60,640 km of interstate highways.

Answer 92

Authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years later.

Answer 93

Authorized $25 billion in funding for interstate highways between 1957 and 1969.

Answer 94

Created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the United States. It was passed at a time when urban areas were beginning to plan Interstate highway routes. The Act required that transportation projects in urbanized areas with a population of 50,000 or more be based on an urban transportation planning process. The Act called for a "continuing, comprehensive, and cooperative" (3 Cs) planning process.

Answer 95

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) Transportation Equity Act 3 (TEA3) Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA) Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century (MAP-21) Act

Answer 96

It's the first long-term transportation funding bill passed since 2005. While it allows city planners to set their own street design standards for local federally funded projects, it did not raise the gas tax to fund improvements (the gas tax was last raised in 1993).

Answer 97

Are created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 required that urbanized areas with populations of 50,000 or more develop comprehensive urban transportation plans in order to receive federal financial assistance for road construction projects. In 1965, the Bureau of Public Roads (the predecessor to the Federal Highway Administration) required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes and as a result, MPOs were established. Initially, these organizations were primarily regional councils, but today less than half are housed within regional councils (instead, they are housed inside another governmental agency).

Answer 98

The Federal Highway Administration's urban transportation planning regulations require a regional transportation plan, the TIP, and a unified planning work program for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items are prepared by the MPOs. The TIP represents the transportation improvement priorities of the region. The TIP lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated, along with non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant. The list is multi-modal; in addition to the more traditional highway and public transit projects, it includes bicycle, pedestrian, and freight-related projects. The TIP shows estimated costs and schedules by project phase (preliminary engineering, final design, right-of-way acquisition, and construction). Inclusion of a project phase in the TIP means that it is expected to be implemented during the TIP time period.

Answer 99

is a general term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. Examples of TDM strategies include: - Car Sharing - Flextime - Guaranteed Ride Home - Public Transit - Park-and-Ride - HOV Lanes - Telecommuting - Commute Trip Reduction - Transit Oriented Development

Answer 100

Allows individuals to purchase a membership to a car service. Cars are located at fixed locations throughout a city and a member calls to schedule a time to use one. This allows individuals to pay only as they use the vehicle.

Answer 101

Allows employees to work at different times beyond the regular 8 to 5 workday. Individuals can choose to work a four-day workweek, come in earlier, or stay later. Flextime reduces congestion on roadways during peak commute times.

Answer 102

Provides commuters who regularly carpool or use transit with a reliable ride home if an emergency arises. Guaranteed Ride Home programs provide commuters with a backup transportation option in case they need it.

Answer 103

Includes buses, light rail, heavy rail, and streetcars and trolleys

Answer 104

Allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they then can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool.

Answer 105

Allow vehicles with more than one person (babies count too) to travel in a specially designated lane on a highway. California allows the single-occupant use of HOV lanes by qualifying electric, plug-in hybrid, and clean alternative fuel vehicles.

Answer 106

Allows single-passenger cars to use the lane for a fee (criticized as being only available to those with high incomes).

Answer 107

Allows employees to work from home and communicate through the Internet or telephone with the office.

Answer 108

Provides commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours.

Answer 109

Refers to residential and commercial areas designed to encourage the use of public transportation. A TOD neighborhood has a center with a rail or bus station, surrounded by medium to high-density development, and progressively lower-density spreading outwards. TOD neighborhoods typically have a diameter of one-quarter to one-half mile (stations spaced half- to one-mile apart), which represents pedestrian scale distances. Some of the benefits of TODs are the overall reduction in VMT and the number of vehicle trips, increase in walking and bicycling, and reduction of emissions from vehicles.

Answer 110

Traffic calming involves horizontal (e.g., change in street alignment) as well as vertical (e.g., speed bumps) adjustment. The purpose is to reduce traffic speed and/or volume. - Chicane - Choker - Full or partial closure - Realigned intersections - Roundabouts - Speed humps - Speed table - Traffic circles

Answer 111

A series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway.

Answer 112

A curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction.

Answer 113

Does not allow traffic beyond a certain point in the roadway. For example, a partial closure could change the traffic from two-way to one-way at a point on the road.

Answer 114

change the alignment of roadways near an intersection. Intersection realignment causes traffic to slow prior to entering the intersection. The approach to the intersection is not straight and requires the driver to move into a curve before approaching the intersection.

Answer 115

Require vehicles to circulate around a center island—useful on smaller streets. Traffic circles are appropriate for major streets.

Answer 116

are raised areas placed across a road and are three to four inches tall. Speed humps reduce traffic speed by causing uncomfortable driving conditions if the driver goes too fast.

Answer 117

is larger than a speed hump. A speed table has a flat-top and may have brick or another textured material on the flat surface. A speed table is long enough for the entire vehicle to rest on the flat section of the table.

Answer 118

are raised landscape islands located at the center of an intersection and can vary in size. They are intended to move more traffic through the intersection, increasing efficiency, although they are also meant to reduce traffic speed.

Answer 119

A standard parking space is nine or ten feet by 18 feet, or approximately 180 square feet per parking space.

Answer 120

The amount of parking that will be demanded depends on the degree of trip generation, trip purpose, and land use. Parking also depends on the availability of alternative modes of transportation, socio-economic characteristics of users, the cost of parking, and availability of spaces.

Answer 121

is the hour of the day when most parking is needed for a particular development.

Answer 122

A complete street is a safe, accessible, and convenient street that everyone can use regardless of age, ability, or mode of transportation. This means that motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit riders have sufficient infrastructure for safe access.

Answer 123

A Pedestrian Safety Action Plan is a plan developed by community stakeholders to improve pedestrian safety. It can be used by engineers, planners, traffic safety and enforcement professionals, public health and injury prevention professionals, and decision-makers who have the responsibility of improving pedestrian safety at the state or local level.

Answer 124

s a broad-ranging topic including water, sewers, telecommunications, and solid waste, among others.

Answer 125

Allows local governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services (water and sewer, roads, schools, fire, and police) cannot support it. The APFO ensures that new development does not negatively impact a community's quality of life by overburdening public services. Instead, the APFO places this burden on developers to ensure that there will be adequate services for the proposed developments, and will delay the developments until such services are in place. The APFO alone is not the solution to poorly planned growth, but it is an important tool for local government to manage the pace of growth. For instance, a local government can determine that a development is only possible if it provides a service level of C or higher. The APFO should not stand alone; it should be done in partnership with an effective capital improvements program that adds infrastructure as it is demanded.

Answer 126

is the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur.

Answer 127

is the practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. Daylighting is also used to describe the conversion of an enclosed drainage system to a more open and natural system.

Answer 128

refers to water-based infrastructure. This can include stormwater management, such as bioretention systems, swales, reservoirs, rain gardens, constructed wetlands, and other waterways.

Answer 129

is generated from rain and snowmelt events that flow over land or impervious surfaces, such as paved streets, parking lots, and building rooftops, and does not soak into the ground. The runoff picks up pollutants like trash, chemicals, oils, and dirt/sediment that can harm our rivers, streams, lakes, and coastal waters. To protect these resources, communities use stormwater controls, known as best management practices (BMPs). These BMPs filter out pollutants and/or prevent pollution by controlling it at its source.

Answer 130

emphasizes the role of the natural environment in land use planning. A significant emphasis is on converting single-purpose gray stormwater infrastructure (piped drainage and water treatment systems) —to reducing and treating stormwater at its source. Green infrastructure has environmental, social, and economic benefits.

Answer 131

encompasses a range of topics related to access to telecommunications infrastructure.

Answer 132

the source of electricity in the U.S. is 62.7% fossil fuels (split by coal and natural gas), 20% nuclear, and 17.1 renewables (mostly wind and hydropower).

Answer 133

Nonrenewable. Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are all considered fossil fuels (formed from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago). Natural gas and methane gas (a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying plant and animal material) are burned to produce electricity.

Answer 134

Used for nuclear power, is not a fossil fuel but is classified as a nonrenewable fuel.

Answer 135

cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed. This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass.

Answer 136

uses organic material which is burned to create energy. Biomass is renewable organic matter such as wood or ethanol (derived almost exclusively from corn).

Answer 137

is typically associated with large dams. It uses falling water to produce power, which is moved through a turbine, causing it to spin. The spinning turbine is coupled with a generator, which produces energy.

Answer 138

can be used to heat homes through solar panels. Solar power uses photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The panels can be added together to create large systems. Solar energy is measured in kilowatt-hours per square meter (kWh/m2) relating to electricity production and in British thermal units per square foot (Btu/ft2) which relates to heat production. With the proper site and building design, solar can be utilized in most locations. Zoning controls the location of solar resources on a site, through setbacks, height and lot coverage restrictions. Most communities do not allow solar panels as an accessory structure in the front yard. Development regulations are structured to allow solar by right where appropriate and to have the appropriate development controls where needed. There may be competing interests between tree preservation and solar energy production.

Answer 139

mitigates the building's energy needs. The goal of passive design is to maximize the amount of direct sunlight available to each building - for example, orienting streets and front lot lines along the east-west axis. In colder climates, windows facing south can capture solar energy for daytime heating.

Answer 140

Use photovoltaic cell technology to capture radiant energy from the sun and create electricity. Photovoltaic cells are placed on panels that are then placed on rooftops or mounted on the ground. Cells can operate at the residential to the utility scale.

Answer 141

Wind turbines are tall (100 feet plus) in order to catch the wind more efficiently. Distributed wind energy systems are small residential wind turbines with capacities of up to 100kW and are designed for on-site consumption. Utility scale turbines are designed to generate power which can be contributed to the energy grid. Offshore wind energy is a subset of utility scale turbines. The cost of developing offshore is higher due to complexity and material requirements to operate offshore. A Planner's role in wind energy includes regulations and land-use plans that can impact the ability to develop wind energy. For example, wind farms need to comply with land use districts, setback requirements and height limitations. Ordinances regulating wind energy should address setbacks, tower height, visual appearance, sound, and design review for turbine design.

Answer 142

Buildings are made more efficient by using insulation, which is rated in terms of thermal resistance, called R-value ( the resistance to heat flow). The higher the R-value, the greater the insulation. A minimum R-value of 20 is recommended for residential use.

Answer 143

defined by the Federal Emergency Management Agency as “any action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards.”

Answer 144

is the area around a home or other structure that has been modified to reduce fire hazards. In this area, natural and manmade fuels are treated, cleared, or reduced to slow the spread of wildfire.

Answer 145

Reconstruction Following Disaster by Haas, Kates, and Bowden (1977) divides disaster into four overlapping phases of response and recovery. - The emergency period covers the initial hours or days following the disaster when the community is forced to cope with losses in lives and property. - The restoration period covers the time following the emergency period until major urban service and transportation are restored, evacuees returned, and rubble is removed. - During the replacement reconstruction period, the city rebuilds capital stock to pre-disaster levels and social and economic activities return to their previous levels. - Finally, in the commemorative, betterment, and developmental reconstruction period, major reconstruction activities take place and future growth and development begin to take hold.

Answer 146

is the adjustment of human and natural systems in response to actual or expected effects of climate change.

Answer 147

“any natural catastrophe (including any hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunamis, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought), or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the Stafford Disaster Relief Act.

Answer 148

“any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the president, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States.”

Answer 149

includes the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to life and property from natural hazards.

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is a term for building environments that are safe for current and future generations, protecting buildings, infrastructure and the natural environment from damage.

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refers to the ability of a community to return to its original form after it has been changed. Often resiliency is used to refer to a community’s ability to recover from a natural hazard, economic shock, or other major events.

Answer 152

means damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the cost restoring the structure to its before damage condition would equal or exceed 50 percent of the market value or replacement cost of the structure before the damage occurred.

Answer 153

any reconstruction, rehabilitation addition, or other improvements of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before the start of construction of the improvement.

Answer 154

- 1950 Federal Disaster Relief Act - 1966 Disaster Relief Act of 1966 - 1968 National Flood Insurance Act - 1969 Disaster Relief Act of 1969 - 1970 Disaster Assistance Act of 1970 - 1973 Flood Disaster Protection Act - 1974 Disaster Relief Act of 1974 - 1977 Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act - 1979 Creation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - 1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act -1994 National Flood Insurance Reform Act - 2000 Disaster Mitigation Act

Answer 155

- The planner's role in hazard mitigation is to prepare complementary goals and objectives in the comprehensive plan, raising awareness in the community about hazard mitigation, and engaging stakeholders. - Hazard Mitigation works best when completely integrated into the comprehensive plan and becomes a normal part of daily planning activities. Some states require some or all local governments to develop local plans that integrate hazard mitigation. - The key to hazard mitigation is to act before a disaster. This ties directly into land use regulations, which are critical to supporting hazard mitigation (one example: enforcing setbacks from waterfronts to minimize flooding impacts). Planning and hazard mitigation invoke the police power, protecting the health, safety, and welfare of citizens. - A planner can also be engaged in damage assessment following a disaster. The planning department may engage in a development moratorium, the issuance of repair permits, preparing demolition regulations, zoning for temporary housing and eminent domain of property impacted by a disaster. - Planners are responsible for hazard identification and risk assessment. For example, in an area prone to earthquakes, planners should be concerned with the integrity of buildings and infrastructure to prevent collapse. Planners need to understand the appropriate codes and identify areas and infrastructure that may need seismic upgrades. There can be ground failure where weak or unstable soil can lead to liquefaction, where soil becomes a viscous fluid under the impact of ground vibration from shear waves.

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- 1950 Federal Disaster Relief Act - 1966 Disaster Relief Act of 1966 - 1968 National Flood Insurance Act - 1969 Disaster Relief Act of 1969 - 1970 Disaster Assistance Act of 1970 - 1973 Flood Disaster Protection Act - 1974 Disaster Relief Act of 1974 - 1977 Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act - 1979 Creation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) - 1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act - 1994 National Flood Insurance Reform Act - 2000 Disaster Mitigation Act

Answer 157

1988 The Stafford Act outlines four primary components of a state hazard mitigation plan, outlined in section of 409 of the act: - An evaluation of the natural hazard in the designated area - A description and analysis of the state and local hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area - Hazard mitigation goals and objectives and proposed strategies, programs, and actions to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to hazards - A method of implementing monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan; such evaluation is to occur at least on an annual basis to ensure that implementation occurs as planned, and ensure that the plan remains current The Stafford Act was amended in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans.

Answer 158

The 1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act was amended in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 focuses on prevention. Before the act was signed, emergency managers’ planning usually focused on preparing for and responding to disasters. After the act passed, emergency managers began using a more proactive planning process. Leading their communities through that process resulted in FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plans. Plans are required to receive certain types of FEMA assistance.

Answer 159

In 1994, the National Flood Insurance Act established the National Flood Insurance Program. The Program's Community Rating System (CRS) is a voluntary incentive program that recognizes and encourages community floodplain management activities that exceed the minimum NFIP requirements. Under the floodplain management-planning category, communities can receive points for: - Organizing and preparing a planflood sandbags with homes in background Involving the public - Coordinating with other agencies - Assessing the hazard - Assessing the problem - Setting goals - Reviewing possible activities - Drafting an action plan - Adopting the plan and implementing, evaluating and revising the plan

Answer 160

April 22, 1970

Answer 161

Established in 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct. The Colorado River Aqueduct, a water pipeline to Los Angeles, was built between 1933 and 1941 and is owned and operated by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California.

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the author of Silent Spring, which was published in 1962. In the book, Carson examined the dangers of chemical pesticides, such as DDT, on plants, animals, and humans. The book greatly influenced the way people think about the environment.

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Set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Effluent guidelines reduce the discharge of pollutants that have serious environmental impacts. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories.

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is discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe.

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is contaminated runoff from many sources.

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is water that is safe to drink.

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Aquifer is one or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs. An aquifer includes any geologic material that is currently used or could be used as a source of water within the target distance limit. Wells can be drilled into the aquifers and water can be pumped out. Precipitation eventually adds water (recharge) into the porous rock of the aquifer. The rate of recharge is not the same for all aquifers, though, and that must be considered when pumping water from a well.

Answer 168

Estuary is an area where freshwater meets saltwater.

Answer 169

Lagoon is a shallow body of water located alongside a coast.

Answer 170

Marsh is a type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.

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Reservoir is a pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made.

Answer 172

Surface water includes rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters.

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Swamp is a freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water.

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Watershed is a region drained by, or contributing water to, a surface water body.

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Water table is the underground boundary between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rock. Water pressure and atmospheric pressure are equal at this boundary.

Answer 176

Wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands can be natural or constructed.

Answer 177

passed in 1972, with a major amendment in 1977. The official name was the Federal Water Pollution Control Act but "Clean Water Act" became the act's common name. The act requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit. It also regulates the amount of water that can be discharged and the types of pollutants that can be released.

Answer 178

In order to discharge pollutants into the water, a Point Source Discharge Permit must be obtained from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).

Answer 179

Congress established much of the basic structure of the Clean Air Act in 1970 and made major revisions in 1977 and 1990. The act has provisions that cut off federal funding for metropolitan areas not in attainment. In non-attainment areas, new pollution sources are allowed only if there is a reduction in pollutants greater than the pollutants contributed by the source. The EPA publishes a Green Book, which lists National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) designations, classifications, and non-attainment status. The federal government sets ambient standards and the states must devise methods that enable these standards to be met. Air cannot be contained in one location, so Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were created to measure air quality in air sheds. Like the Clean Water Act, the law requires a permit to release pollutants into the air. The Clean Air Act monitors six pollutants: - Ozone - Particulate Matter - Carbon Monoxide - Nitrogen Dioxide - Sulfur Dioxide - Lead

Answer 180

- Ozone - Particulate Matter - Carbon Monoxide - Nitrogen Dioxide - Sulfur Dioxide - Lead

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Air cannot be contained in one location, so Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) were created to measure air quality in air sheds.

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relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment.

Answer 183

are the maximum air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air. According to the EPA, national emissions of the six most common air pollutants have been reduced substantially since 1970.

Answer 184

The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) resulted in the creation of the Council on Environmental Quality. NEPA requires federal agencies to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for all major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the human environment. Not all federal actions require a full EIS. Agencies can first prepare a smaller, shorter document called an Environmental Assessment (EA). The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required. If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely, then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and carry on with the proposed action. Otherwise, the agency must then conduct a full-scale EIS. Most EAs result in a FONSI.

Answer 185

Not all federal actions require a full EIS. Agencies can first prepare a smaller, shorter document called an Environmental Assessment (EA). The finding of the EA determines whether an EIS is required. If the EA indicates that no significant impact is likely, then the agency can release a finding of no significant impact (FONSI) and carry on with the proposed action. Otherwise, the agency must then conduct a full-scale EIS. Most EAs result in a FONSI.

Answer 186

NEPA requires federal agencies to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for all major federal actions that could significantly affect the quality of the human environment.

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(considered the oldest environmental law in the United States), prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway in the country without Congressional approval. The act also required Congressional approval for all wharves, piers, or jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigable waters.

Answer 188

allowed the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, in cooperation with other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program for eliminating or reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary condition of surface and underground waters. The act allowed the Federal Works Administrator to assist government agencies in constructing treatment plants that could help to prevent discharges of inadequately treated sewage and other wastes into interstate waters or tributaries.

Answer 189

established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.

Answer 190

later amended in 1990, focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states.

Answer 191

amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government's authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The act changed the enforcement from water quality standards to regulate the number of pollutants being discharged from particular point sources.

Answer 192

provides protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designates as threatened or endangered. This act was later amended in 1988.

Answer 193

promotes alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry.

Answer 194

of 1980 created a $1.6 billion Superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites and requires major industries to report annual releases of toxic wastes into the air, water, or ground. Superfund is the common name for CERCLA. There are more than 1,200 superfund sites across the United States. A tax on the petroleum and chemical industries provides funding to help pay for the cleanup of superfund sites.

Answer 195

provided EPA with the ability to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste, as well as the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. The 1986 amendment covered environmental issues associated with underground storage tanks for fuel and other hazardous substances.

Answer 196

provided EPA with responsibility for reporting, record-keeping, testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. Certain substances are generally excluded, including food, drugs, cosmetics, and pesticides.

Answer 197

were originally passed in 1947 and established procedures for registering pesticides with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. FIFRA was rewritten in 1972 when it was amended by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA). The law has been amended numerous times since 1972, including significant amendments in the form of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996. FIFRA currently mandates that EPA regulate the use and sale of pesticides to protect human health and the environment.

Answer 198

was passed in 1974 and has been amended several times since. This law protects both the sources of drinking water and the end product.

Answer 199

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, brownfields are "real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties takes development pressures off of undeveloped, open land, and both improves and protects the environment.” Some brownfields qualify as superfund sites.

Answer 200

requires that federal agencies strive to make achieving environmental justice part of their mission by addressing the disproportionate adverse environmental and human health impacts of its policies, programs, and activities on minority and low-income populations. EPA has an Office of Environmental Justice that guides government agencies in meeting environmental justice goals. Environmental justice is an issue in local land use planning decisions, for example in the siting of a toxic waste facility or other locally undesirable land use (LULU). Environmental justice can be reflected in land use regulations, for example by requiring minimum distances between noxious land uses and housing. Environmental justice can also be incorporated in a community's comprehensive planning process by engaging traditionally underrepresented groups in plan development.

Answer 201

Also known as cost-revenue analysis, is used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government. For example, if a developer plans to build a regional shopping mall, what will be the cost to extend and maintain infrastructure, provide police service, or increase transit access? The answers are then compared to the sales, property, and income tax generated from the new development. The fiscal impact is the difference between the revenues and expenditures generated by a proposed development, and is also known as the net fiscal impact. If revenues are greater than expenditures, a development has a positive fiscal impact. If expenditures exceed revenues, a negative fiscal impact results. If revenues and expenditures are equal, the impact is neutral. The most common form of fiscal impact analysis is for a development project. However, fiscal impact analysis can also be used to examine the cumulative impact of land use decisions. For example, if a city is considering an annexation or new zoning policy, a fiscal impact analysis may be conducted.

Answer 202

average per capita, adjusted per capita, disaggregated per capita, and dynamic.

Answer 203

Fiscal impact analysis should be used with caution due to the challenges of accounting for numerous non-fiscal factors. For example, multi-family housing or affordable housing may show a negative fiscal impact, but there are substantial social, economic, and environmental benefits that fiscal impact analysis may not account for (e.g., promotion of compact development, which reduces auto emissions and land consumption). Another major challenge for fiscal impact analysis is how to split costs. For example, capital purchases, such as roads, may occur in one year but are financed over time. Another issue is that multiple developments share the use of a facility. For example, a road may have to be constructed to service a new shopping center, but the road will be used by many others. How much of the cost of the road should be attributed to the new development can be calculated by determining either the average cost per capita or the capacity of the facility (e.g., if a library is designed to serve 20,000 residents, the cost is divided by 20,000).

Answer 204

A method for conducting fiscal analysis, the simplest method, but it is also the least reliable. It divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction. The result is multiplied by the expected new population associated with the new development. The major problem with this method is that it assumes the cost of service to a new development is the same as the cost to service to the existing community. This may not be true.

Answer 205

A method for conducting fiscal analysis. Uses the Average per Capita Method calculation and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgment.

Answer 206

A method for conducting fiscal analysis. Estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses; for example, the cost of servicing a shopping center versus an apartment complex.

Answer 207

A method for conducting fiscal analysis. Applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. This method determines, for example, how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development. This method requires more data and time to conduct than other methods.

Answer 208

Economic development is about supporting the economy of a community, region, state, or nation. This includes: - Job Creation - Private Business Expansion - Tax Base Expansion - Wealth Creation - Quality of Life - Standard of Living Economic development works by using government inducements and assistance to increase private investment. This private investment is expected to create new jobs, reduce unemployment and increase incomes, thus increasing demand for goods and services. The private investment recycles to drive additional private investment, creating a multiplier effect. A multiplier effect describes how certain types of jobs will drive demand for even more jobs jobs.

Answer 209

Measure the interdependence or linkage between industry sectors within a region. They provide an estimate of the "ripple effect" due to a local change in economic activity. For example, if a new industry creates 10 new jobs directly, and there are an additional 15 jobs that are indirectly created as a result of suppliers needed for that industry, and then there are 12 induced jobs related to services needed for the new workers (e.g., hairdressers and grocers), the result is that the 10 direct jobs created by the new industry resulted in a net total of 37 new jobs in the region.

Answer 210

The role of local government is to provide incentives to businesses to locate or expand, to create a positive business environment, and provide quality city services. Businesses looking to locate in a community want access to development sites and/or buildings, labor, financial capital, transportation, utilities, a high quality of life for employees, and a supportive regulatory environment.

Answer 211

are geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies. The original intent of most EZ programs was to encourage businesses to stay, locate, or expand in depressed areas and thereby help to revitalize them. EZ subsidies often include a variety of corporate income tax credits, property tax abatements, and other tax exemptions and incentives to encourage businesses to locate in low-income areas of a city or county. Most states and the federal government have their own versions of enterprise zones. Zones range in size from hundreds to several thousand acres. As an example, the city of Chicago has six Enterprise Zones. State zone programs are usually called “enterprise zones,” or “empowerment zones,” but some states have their own names, such as New York's "Empire Zones" or Michigan's "Renaissance Zones." States began enacting enterprise zones in the U.S. in the early 1980s.

Answer 212

is the process of creating the physical setting for cities and urban spaces. Urban design can involve the design of buildings, spaces, and landscapes.

Answer 213

Refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social, and environmental objectives within the community. It promotes several key principles: 1. Balance safety, community, and environmental goals in all projects; 2. Involve the public and affected agencies early and continuously; 3. Use an interdisciplinary team tailored to project needs; 4. Apply flexibility inherent in design standards; 5. Incorporate aesthetics as an integral part of good design.

Answer 214

Is a type of zoning code that regulates development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks. The regulations and standards in form-based codes, presented in both diagrams and words, are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form and scale (and therefore, character) of development, rather than just setting distinctions in land-use types. In simple terms, a conventional zoning code focuses on land use rather than form, whereas form-based codes focus on form over use.

Answer 215

Promotes compact, walkable neighborhoods. Its principles are defined in the Charter of the New Urbanism, which was adopted by the Congress for New Urbanism. These principles apply at regional, neighborhood, and block levels. New Urbanism was formed as a counter response to what is known as "modernist urbanism," exemplified by Radiant City (Ville Radieuse), an unrealized project to house three million inhabitants designed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier in 1922. The project involved replacing central Paris with sixty-story glass cruciform skyscrapers set in green space. New Urbanism, in contrast, promotes mixed-income, walkable neighborhoods with a variety of architectural styles. Neighborhoods are to be well defined, with an edge and a center, public space throughout, and walkable access to shopping, work, school, and transit.

Answer 216

Is a conceptual device for orienting development on a rural to urban continuum. This concept is used in New Urbanist planning practices and is often the basis of a form-based code. A transect is a cut or path through part of the environment showing a range of different habitats. Biologists and ecologists use transects to study the many symbiotic elements that contribute to habitats where certain plants and animals thrive. Human beings also thrive in different habitats. To systemize the analysis and coding of traditional patterns, a prototypical American rural-to-urban transect has been divided into six Transect Zones, or T-zones, for application on zoning maps. 1. natural 2. rural 3. sub-urban 4. central urban 5. urban center 6. urban core The SmartCode, which was released in 2003 by Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company.

Answer 217

(aka DIY Urbanism, Planning-by-Doing, Urban Acupuncture, or Urban Prototyping) refers to low-cost, temporary changes to the urban environment intended to demonstrate the potential impacts of change, for example, adding a temporary bicycle lane, street furniture, or turning empty storefronts into pop-up shops. "Park(ing) Day," which turns parking spaces into temporary park spaces, is one example of tactical urbanism.

Answer 218

is a mixed-use development designed to maximize access to public transportation. This type of development typically has a light rail, bus, or other types of transit station located at the center of the development or nearby.

Answer 219

concerns the need to create habitat for people as biological organisms. There are direct and indirect ways to do this: DIRECT EXPERIENCE OF NATURE • Light • Air • Water • Plants • Animals • Natural Landscapes and Ecosystems • Weather INDIRECT EXPERIENCE OF NATURE • Images of Nature • Natural Materials • Natural Colors • Mobility and Wayfinding • Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place • Simulating Natural Light and Air • Naturalistic Shapes and Forms • Evoking Nature • Information Richness • Age, Change, and the Patina of Time • Natural Geometries • Biomimicry

Answer 220

The second half of the 1800's

Answer 221

The first major housing code in the U.S. The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside.

Answer 222

Because the 1867 Act did not go far enough to address poor housing conditions, the Tenement House Act of 1879 was passed. This law required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type with open air shafts. This form of housing, referred to as “Old Law Tenements,” was built throughout New York City starting in 1879, but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space.

Answer 223

In 1890, Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, which highlighted the plight of the poor in New York City.

Answer 224

New York State passed the Tenement House Law of 1901 (resulting in “New Law” tenements), which outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the City. The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings, as well as toilets and running water in each apartment unit.

Answer 225

In 1929, Clarence Perry published the Neighborhood Unit Concept as part of the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.

Answer 226

The Public Works Administration (PWA), created in 1934 following the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program.

Answer 227

In 1934, the National Housing Act was passed by Congress. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.

Answer 228

In 1935, the Resettlement Administration used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the U.S. Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, which are all in existence today.

Answer 229

In 1937, the U.S. Housing Act provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This Act tied slum clearance to public housing. In addition, Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 authorized project-based rental assistance where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building for low-income tenants (later, the 1974 Housing Act amended the 1937 act to create what is known as "Section 8 Housing").

Answer 230

In 1944, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.

Answer 231

the first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the U.S. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.

Answer 232

called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.

Answer 233

made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.

Answer 234

provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.

Answer 235

In 1965, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.

Answer 236

was the launch of the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of "new communities." The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.

Answer 237

Titles VIII through IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Fair Housing Act (FHA). This was an expansion of previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.

Answer 238

provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.

Answer 239

In 1972, Pruitt-Igoe, a public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.

Answer 240

n 1974, the Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG) was created under the Housing and Community Development Act. This grant program provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one. Additionally, the Act created the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.

Answer 241

The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974 (and significantly updated in 2000) regulated manufactured housing units (sometimes called "mobile homes") for the first time. Local ordinances can be used to regulate manufactured housing in terms of location, size, and appearance. The act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later.

Answer 242

is a federal law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public. HMDA grew out of concern over credit shortages in some neighborhoods. The law helps track whether banks are serving the housing credit needs of their communities, potentially identifying discriminatory lending patterns.

Answer 243

is a federal law to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining, a highly discriminatory practice in which banks restricted lending in areas they deemed too risky (most often this applied to African-American neighborhoods). The CRA requires federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfills its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods.

Answer 244

authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, it cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.

Answer 245

created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.

Answer 246

In 1992, HOPE VI was passed by Congress. The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.

Answer 247

Beginning in 1995, HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from HUD programs. The consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for the following: - Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) - HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME) - Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG) - Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) The Consolidated Plan is both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless and community development needs and establishes multi-year goals and an annual action plan. It is also a public document that details a community's community development and housing profile.

Answer 248

is the interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put towards the restoration of a property. Habitat for Humanity is an example of a sweat equity program, helping families become homeowners by contributing hours of labor towards the construction of a home.

Answer 249

has been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.

Answer 250

is a term used for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers, and others in the workforce. The term is popular because it is seen as having less social stigma than "affordable housing."

Answer 251

Community development is a broad topic that seeks to engage the community in solving problems to promote economic, social, and environmental health. Community development is often thought about as being associated with the social aspects of the community's well-being.

Answer 252

The Aging of America is a critical issue facing cities across the United States. By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent 20 percent of the US population.

Answer 253

are banks that operate in low to moderate income areas. They are certified by the US Department of Treasury. In addition, banks can seek an alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund if they locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

Answer 254

are unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure that are sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, and their residents are predominantly Hispanic. Colonias have grown as a result of a limited supply of adequate, affordable housing near the Mexico border. For example, in Texas, there are more than 400,000 people living in more than 2,200 colonias.

Answer 255

has risen over the last twenty years. A lack of affordable housing and the limited scale of housing assistance programs have contributed to the current housing crisis and to homelessness. Recently, foreclosures have also increased the number of people who experience homelessness. Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked. Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, health care, and education. Often it is housing, which absorbs a high proportion of income, that must be dropped if there is an illness, an accident, or job loss. Other major factors which can contribute to homelessness include lack of affordable health care, domestic violence, mental Illness, and addiction.

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Yellowstone, 1872

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1916 when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Organic Act of 1916 (an Organic Act is an act that establishes a territory or an agency to manage federal lands).

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An early advocate for the creation of a national park system. He wrote extensively for popular publications, bringing national attention to sites that would ultimately become national parks, including Glacier Bay and Mount Rainier. He also championed protecting the Petrified Forest and the Grand Canyon.

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Created five national parks and signed the Antiquities Act, which created 18 national monuments, including the Grand Canyon. He created 51 federal bird sanctuaries, four national game refuges, and more than 100 million acres of national forests.

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FDR dramatically improved national parks through the Civilian Conservation Corps, which was set up during the depression. There was also an expansion of the park system under FDR, including the addition of civil war battlefields and the Lincoln Memorial into the care of the National Park system. He also helped create Olympic and Kings Canyon National Parks, and directed funds to purchase land to create the Smoky Mountains National Park (the first time federal funds were used to purchase park land).

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are significantly longer in length than in width. The New York High Line is an example of a linear park.

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Provide access to basic recreation opportunities for residents of a neighborhood. They are ideally within walking and bicycling distance of most residents and are small in size, typically five or fewer acres.

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Serve a one to five-mile area and are typically 20 to 100 acres in size providing a mix of amenities to serve an entire community.

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may be managed by a special park district and serve multiple jurisdictions.

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Are public seating platforms that convert curbside parking spaces into vibrant community spaces. Also known as street seats or curbside seating, parklets are the product of a partnership between the city and local businesses, residents, or neighborhood associations.

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Parks have level of service standards. For example, standards include the percentage of the population within a ½ mile of a neighborhood park or trail. The National Recreation and Parks Association maintains a Park Metrics database that is a good source.

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s a rating system for the 100 largest U.S. cities, developed by the Trust for Public Land. The four characteristics that are analyzed for a ParkScore are: acreage, investment, amenities, and access.

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is any scenic trail or route set aside for travel or recreational purposes.

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are landscape patterns and landscape features that are aesthetically pleasing and contribute to the distinctness of a community or region.

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is the area that is visible through a line of site from a location. Napa County California has a viewshed ordinance to protect views from certain locations in the County.

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is the linkage that joins two similar wildlife habitats. The Natural Resource Conservation Service provides guidance on conservation corridor planning.

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are legal agreements between a property owner and a land trust (or other organization) in which the property owner agrees to place restrictions on the use of the property to protect natural resources. The Natural Resource Conservation Service has an agricultural conservation easement program, as an example.

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programs allows for the transfer of development rights from an area that is designated for low-density development to an area planned for growth. A TDR program seeks to preserve landowners' asset value by moving the right to build a house from a location where development is prohibited to a location where development is encouraged.

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The environmental protection zone where development rights are separated. It is called a sending zone because the development rights are "sent" out of it.

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A zone where a developer buys a right to build more units than currently permitted in the local zoning ordinance. These zones "receive" development rights.

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established that archeological sites on public lands are public resources and obligated federal agencies to preserve sites for future generations. Additionally, the law authorizes the President to protect landmarks, structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest by designating them as National Monuments. For example, in 2016, President Obama designated the Mojave Trails National Monument, which contains 1.6 million acres of ancient lava flows and sand dunes.

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established the National Park Service to manage national parks and national monuments.

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sought to organize federally owned parks, monuments and historic sites under the National Park Service. It also declared a national policy to preserve historic sites, buildings, and objects of national importance for public use.

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created the National Wilderness Preservation System. The Act defined wilderness as “an area of undeveloped Federal land retailing its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation.” According to the National Park Service, as of 2016, there are more than 106 million acres of federal public lands designated as wilderness.

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seeks to preserve rivers with outstanding natural, cultural and recreational values in a free-flowing condition for the enjoyment of current and future generations. Rivers are designated by Congress. As of 2018, the National System protected 12,754 miles on 209 rivers in 40 states and Puerto Rico.

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The U.S. Department of the Interior's National Park Service oversees the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register was created in 1966. In order to be designated on the National Register, the building, property or site must have historic significance, among other criteria. Being listed on the National Register allows properties to qualify for federal tax incentives. Being listed does not protect properties from demolition, although it does provide some degree of protection (in terms of additional review requirements) if the federal government plans to alter the site. A 20% income tax credit is available for the rehabilitation of historic, income-producing buildings that are determined by the Secretary of the Interior, through the National Park Service, to be “certified historic structures.” The State Historic Preservation Offices and the National Park Service review the rehabilitation work to ensure that it complies with the Secretary’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

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The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a privately funded nonprofit organization initially established for the acquisition and administration of historic sites. It might be best known to planners for its Main Streets program, which is now managed by a subsidiary, the National Main Street Center.

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The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires that all states have a State Historic Preservation Office. Many state and local governments have their own laws for historic district designation. Historic district designation varies widely -- some have no restrictions on property owners, while some require strict adherence to historic rehabilitation standards. When implemented at a local level, the district can provide significant protection by implementing historic district overlay zone requirements through the local zoning code.

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computer mapping, demographics analysis, five-year planning, and public participation strategies. The article argues that there needs to be a better connection between school districts and planning because school districts are not equipped to handle the kind of planning, analysis and public participation needed for a healthy, inclusive, community-engaged school system. Much of the focus on school planning is on site selection and facilities planning.

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is a process to reorganize military bases to best support operational readiness. The National Defense Authorization Act for 2014 specifically prohibited authorizing future BRAC rounds until the Department of Defense completed a formal review of the overseas military facility structure, including overseas basing consolidations. One key planning challenge concerns land uses adjacent to military bases. To advance sustainability, the military has set a goal for Net Zero waste, energy and water. The Army's goal is to have 25 net zero military installations by 2030.

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land use compatibility and airports. Noise is a common concern related to airports, and the FAA has a report on Airport Noise Compatibility Planning Toolkit. States are responsible for developing aviation plans that address air transportation across the state, for example, Washington has an Aviation System Plan.

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Hospitals, Schools, military bases, airports, universities, jails, religious institutions

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protects religious freedom by requiring that religious land uses not be regulated with higher standards than other like uses.

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Planners play a role in assessing existing community food systems. Planners can document the availability of different types of food retail destinations (farmers markets, grocery stores, restaurants and food pantries), food production (farms and community gardens), the quality of food available (nutritional quality, affordability, cultural appropriateness), and the accessibility of food destinations and how access varies by socio-economic status. The USDA maintains a Food Access Research Atlas that shows these variations and helps identify food deserts (areas that lack access to healthy food). There are a number of programmatic ways that planners can support food systems. For example, community gardens are shared open space where individuals garden together to grow fresh, healthful, and affordable fruits and vegetables. These gardens allow for the production of affordable and healthy foods but also serve as civic spaces that promote social, cultural and intergenerational interactions. Cities can support community gardens by helping to evaluate the potential of a garden site, assisting in land acquisition, assisting with soil testing and remediation, leading a garden design process, managing plot assignments, and monitoring sites.

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is a 20-year old movement to connect farmers to consumers. Farmers sell shares of their harvest to consumers at the beginning of the growing season. Shareholders receive a weekly allotment of fresh produce from the farm, which can vary based on the productivity of the farm.

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programs brings fresh food from local farms to school cafeterias. The school or school district partners with area farmers to purchase food directly, which is then distributed and served at local schools. These programs can also include meat and seafood, in addition to produce.

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is a group of individuals that advises local and state government on matters related to food policy. Food policy councils perform a variety of interrelated tasks such as facilitating community food assessments, raising awareness of food issues with the public and local governments, developing food policies, advising community planning processes, promoting CSAs, Farm to School and other programs and organizing education events.

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identifies agricultural lands that should be preserved, and works with farm owners to participate in the trust via a conservation easement — an agreement between a landowner and a land trust (or conservation group or government agency) regarding the future uses of a private property.

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have emerged in a number of communities. This program provides financial assistance to small corner grocery stores to increase the offering of healthful foods in underserved neighborhoods, as well as educating store owners and residents of the need for healthy food options.

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is a phone survey to collect state-level data on the prevalence of behavioral risks among adults. For example, the survey asks about smoking and physical activity.

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are the differences in the incidence of health conditions and diseases among varying population groups. One example would be a low birth weight health disparity in a certain neighborhood in a city.

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uses quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the health consequences of a policy, project or program where health is not the primary objective. For example, the City of Columbus, Ohio's public health department provides a health impact assessment on each development proposal in the city, which allows the health department to provide critical input on how the development will/could impact health. The U.S. EPA uses health impact assessment as a decision-support tool "to promote sustainable and healthy communities."

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The major steps in conducting an HIA include: - Screening - Scoping (planning the HIA and identifying what health risks and benefits to consider). - Assessment (identifying affected populations and quantifying health impacts of the decision). - Recommendations (suggesting practical actions to promote positive health effects and minimize negative health effects). - Reporting (presenting results to decision makers, affected communities, and other stakeholders). - Monitoring and evaluation (determining the HIA’s impact on the decision and health status).