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AICP ETHICS & COMPREHENSIVE > Plan Making and Implementation: Data and Statistics > Flashcards

Plan Making and Implementation: Data and Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

cross-sectional survey

A

A cross-sectional survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time. For example, planners might conduct a survey on how parents feel about the quality of recreation facilities as of today.

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2
Q

longitudinal survey

A

Over a period of time. Some cities conduct a citizen survey of service satisfaction every couple of years. This data can be combined to compare the differences in satisfaction between 1995 and 2005.

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3
Q

stratified sample

A

divides the population into groups, known as classes, from which a sample is drawn.

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4
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. We infer things about the population based on what is observed in the sample.

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5
Q

Nominal data

A

classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race, social security number, and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for nominal data.

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6
Q

Ordinal data

A

values that are ranked so that inferences can be made regarding the magnitude. no fixed interval between values. letter grade on a test, for example. Mode and median are the only measures of central tendency that can be used for ordinal data.

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7
Q

Interval data

A

data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. For temperature, 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees. Mean is the best measure of interval data. Where the data is skewed median can be used.

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8
Q

Ratio data

A

has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example of ratio data because 3.2 miles is twice as long as 1.6 miles. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.

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9
Q

Qualitative Variables

A

can be nominal or ordinal

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10
Q

Quantitative Variables

A

can be interval or ratio

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11
Q

Continuous Variables

A

can have an infinite number of values

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12
Q

Dichotomous Variables

A

only have two possible values, such as unemployed or employed which are symbolized as 0 and 1

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13
Q

Hypothesis Test

A

allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables.

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14
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

shown as H0 is a statement that there are no differences. For example, a Null Hypothesis could be that Traffic Calming has no impact on traffic speed.

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15
Q

An Alternate Hypothesis

A

designated as H1, proposes the relationship - Traffic Calming reduces traffic speed.

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16
Q

Variance

A

average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.

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17
Q

Standard Deviation

A

square root of the variance.

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18
Q

Coefficient of Variation

A

measures the relative dispersion from the mean and is measured by taking the standard deviation and dividing by the mean.

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19
Q

Standard Error

A

standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.

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20
Q

Confidence Interval

A

gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter.

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21
Q

Chi Square

A

non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. Chi Square is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics.

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22
Q

z-score

A

a measure of the distance, in standard deviation units, from the mean. This allows one to determine the likelihood, or probability that something would happen.

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23
Q

t-test

A

allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance. needs the number of subjects in each group, difference btwn means of each group, and the standard deviation for each group.

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24
Q

ANOVA

A

It studies the relationship between two variables, the first variable must be nominal and the second is interval.

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25
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables. Squaring the correlation coefficient results in an r2

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26
Q

Regression

A

test of the effect of independent variables on a dependent variable. A regression analysis explores the relationship between variables.

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27
Q

Sampling Error

A

occurs when one has taken a sample from a larger population. The sample is not representative of the population as a whole, creating a sampling error.

28
Q

nonsampling error

A

cannot be explained by the representativeness of the sample. A nonsampling error can occur as a result of respondents misunderstanding a question or misreporting their answer and can also including missing values.

29
Q

linear method

A

Pop Estimate. Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.

30
Q

Exponential Method

A

Pop Estimate. Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.

31
Q

Symptomatic Method

A

Pop Estimate. Uses available data to estimate the current population.

32
Q

Modified Exponential

A

Pop Estimate. Aassumes there is a cap to the change and that at some point the growth will slow or stop, resulting in a curved line.

33
Q

Step-Down Ratio Method

A

Pop Estimate. Relatively simple way to estimate or project population. This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census

34
Q

Distributed Housing Unit Method

A

Pop Estimate. Census data for the number of housing units, which is then multiplied by the occupancy rate and persons per household. Reliable for slow growth or stable communities, but is less reliable in communities that are changing more quickly.

35
Q

Cohort Survival Method

A

Pop Estimate. Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups. Population pyramids. Most accurate population projection.

Each age-sex group is called a Cohort and is set at 5-year intervals. Death rates for each cohort provide the number of survivors who are then added to the next year’s cohort. Migrations (both in and out) are then estimated for each cohort. The initial “new age group” ages 0-4 are based upon the fertility rate for females between 15-44. All of this is repeated for each cohort and carried forward.

36
Q

Economic base analysis

A

looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region. Uses location quotients.
Economic base analysis was developed as part of the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs in 1928.

37
Q

Location Quotient

A

ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation. A location quotient of less than one indicates an importing economy. If the quotient is greater than one then the area is an exporting economy.

38
Q

Shift-share analysis

A

analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth. uses employment information by sector for two points in time.

The following data is needed for a Shift-Share Analysis 1)total employment for the local area 2)total employment for the state or entire country 3)industry employment totals at the one or two digit SIC level for the local area 4)industry employment totals at the one or two digit SIC level for the state or entire nation. SIC stands for Standard Industrial Classification. Shift-Share analysis evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of a specific region’s industries. It shows how well the region’s mix of industries are performing, and how well the region’s individual industries are performing. This analysis examines three components of regional employment growth (National growth, Industry Mix, and Competitiveness) between two periods of time.

39
Q

Input-output analysis

A

used to determine the employment effect that a particular project has on a local economy. links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Input-output analysis is similar to economic base analysis.

40
Q

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

A

classifies business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data about the U.S. economy. developed by the Office of Management and Budget and in 1997, replaced the Standard Industrial Classification system.

41
Q

Depreciation

A

an accounting method of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life.

42
Q

Urbanized Area

A

An urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. In general, they must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile and may contain adjoining territory with at least 500 persons per square mile.

43
Q

Urban Clusters

A

At least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. New for the 2000 Census. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters.

44
Q

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A

Includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants, or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000 inhabitants), and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.

45
Q

Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

A

Has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.

46
Q

Census Designated Places (CDP)

A

The equivalent of an incorporated place for data purposes. This is for settled concentrations of population that are not incorporated.

47
Q

Consolidated MSA (CMSA)

A

Made up of several PMSA’s. An example is the Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Dallas and Fort Worth are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.

48
Q

Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA)

A

Defined by the US Office and Budget to provide data description for areas where there is a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated.

49
Q

Megalopolis

A

1961, Jean Gottman coined Megalopolis, referring to 300-mile-long urban area between Boston and Washington D.C. Generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization. megacity refers megalopolis > 10 million people.

50
Q

Census Tract

A

Typically has a population between 2,000 and 8,000 people. It is the smallest area where all information is released.

51
Q

Census Block

A

Smallest level at which the Census data is collected. There are typically 400 housing units per block.

52
Q

Census Block Group

A

Group of Census Blocks

53
Q

Minor Civil Division (MCD)

A

Unit only used in 29 states and usually corresponds to a municipality. Census County Divisions are used in the 21 states that do not have MCD’s.

54
Q

Tribal Designated Statistical Area

A

Unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area. These are defined independently of the standard county based census

55
Q

Threshold Population

A

Use by many programs to determine eligibility. For example the Threshold Population to qualify to receive Community Development Block Grant Funds.

56
Q

Fastest growing states

A

Nevada (35%), Arizona (25%), and Utah (24%).

57
Q

Top ten fastest growing metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2010

A
  1. Palm Coast, FL 2. St. George, UT 3. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV 4. Raleigh-Cary, NC 5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 6. Provo-Orem, UT 7. Greeley, CO 8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX 9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC 10. Bend, OR
58
Q

Percent of the US population living in urban areas.

A

81%

59
Q

Only state between 2000 and 2010 that lost population.

A

Michigan

60
Q

Average household size

A

average household size went down from 3.1 in 1970 to 2.59 in 2010.

61
Q

Median age

A

median age rose to 37.2 years of age.

62
Q

American Community Survey (ACS)

A

Began in 2005. Reaches 2.5% of the nation’s population each year (1 in 40 addresses, approximately 3 million households). Rotates annually so that no household receives the survey more than once every five years.

63
Q

TIGER

A

Topographically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map, used for Census data. Includes streets, railroads, zip codes, and landmarks.

64
Q

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

A

show digital data about the elevation of the earth’s surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it. DEMs can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions, and other purposes.

65
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The dependency ration is a ratio of dependents, those who are younger than 15 and those older than 64 to represent the working age population. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working age population.

66
Q

U.S. Census

A

The U.S. Census counts every resident in the United States. It is mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution and takes place every 10 years. The data collected by the decennial census determine the number of seats each state has in the U.S. House of Representatives and is also used to distribute over $400 billion in federal funds to local communities every year.

67
Q

statistical process control

A

a group of problem-solving tools useful in achieving process stability. It also improves capability through the reduction in variability

AICP ETHICS & COMPREHENSIVE (18 decks)

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