Plan Making and Implementation

Question 1

Regressive Tax

Answer 1

affects low-income proportionately more than high-income, e.g. flat sales tax or income tax

Question 2

Progressive Tax

Answer 2

benefits lower-income more than higher-income, e.g. no sales tax on certain essential food items; the more income you make, the more that you are taxed

Question 3

General Obligation Bonds

Answer 3

Method of finance. A bond is a loan. GO Bonds use the backing of the local govts revenue streams (taxes)

Question 4

Revenue Bonds

Answer 4

Method of finance. Specific source of revenue, e.g. utility fees, stadium revenue. Riskier than GO bonds (what if the revenue stream is lower than predicted?)

Question 5

Lease-Purchase

Answer 5

Method of finance. Private company builds facility, local govt pays X dollars annually to pay it off and purchase the facility. Ie. Rent to own

Question 6

Special Districts

Answer 6

Method of finance. Specific area where improvements are focused (SID). Includes beautification, crime patrol, street cleaning, etc. people in that district agree to higher taxes to pay for those services.

Question 7

Special Assessments

Answer 7

Method of finance. Can also be at a district level. E.g. for ornamental street lighting in a particular neighborhood. Assessed over a multiple year period. Does not fluctuate, like taxes.

Question 8

TIFs

Answer 8

Method of finance. Blighted area that has potential to redevelop and rise in property value. Tax is assessed on predicted increase in property tax over a number of years

Question 9

Line item budgeting

Answer 9

Budgeting system. most common form; each item in the budget is evaluated; no performance or priorities are stated.

Question 10

Planning, programming, and budgeting systems (PPBS)

Answer 10

Budgeting system developed by DOD in 1960’s. organizes spending by program; attempts to forecast budget needs; helps identify spending priorities; can have performance measures in place (subjective to quantitative analysis)

Question 11

Management by objective

Answer 11

Budgeting system. 1954, Peter Drunker; goal and objective setting process between administrator and subordinates; set organizational goals; translate into performance objectives for individuals; measure performance against stated results or standards.

Question 12

Zero based budgeting

Answer 12

Budgeting system. start at 0, no budget. breaks up budget into small decision packages; each package contains outline of what manager wants to do, how, other ways of doing it, the cost, how it will benefit the organization and what will happen if it’s not done; tied to long range plan objectives. Extremely time-consuming and cumbersome, not usually done on an annual basis.

Question 13

CIP

Answer 13

a guide to the provision of capital improvements by balancing revenues, expenditures, and sequencing of acquisition actions; linked to goals in comp plan. CI is a public facility that constitutes a major expenditure (park, water main, etc.). e.g. year 1: acquire land, year 2: grading and prep, year 3: install recreational facilities, year 4: open park.

Question 14

Major functions of a CIP

Answer 14

Links comp plan and fiscal plan to physical development
Estimates capital requirements ( to accommodate renovation cycle, expected growth, etc.)
Schedules all capital projects over a fixed period with appropriate planning and implementation
Budgets priority projects and develops a project revenue policy for proposed improvements
Coordinates activities of various departments in meeting project schedules
Monitors and evaluates progress of capital projects
Informs public of projected capital improvements

Question 15

Bond rating system

Answer 15

CIP requires that govts take out debt in the form of bonds. AAA: lowest risk = lowest interest rate; C: highest risk = highest interest rate

Question 16

CertifIcates of Obligation

Answer 16

higher interest rate, shorter term than bonds (~ five years); don’t require voter approval. Used for smaller purchases, e.g. replacing police car fleet or smaller capital improvement that needs to get going quickly

Question 17

Forms of government

Answer 17

Weak mayor-council: mayor is figurehead
Strong mayor-council: mayor leads decision-making
Council manager system: appointed as administrative official, not elected. Extremely common in larger cities given complexity of operations.
Commission plan: each commissioner has a scope of responsibility (development, transportation, infrastructure, etc.)

Question 18

Euclidean buffer

Answer 18

measures the distance in two-dimensional Cartesian plan – that is straight line distances are calculated. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale.

Question 19

Geodesic buffer

Answer 19

accounts for the curvature of the earth and would be used when the map projection is at a large regional scale or global scale.

Question 20

Pro Forma

Answer 20

A financial projection that includes an income statement for a real estate project that shows the capital cost, operating revenue and expenses, and return on investment for one or more years?

Question 21

Work Breakdown Structure

Answer 21

used to be a more detailed way to describe the project in the planning process of the project. The WBS uses a logical structure to define various levels of detail. Here are the key points to keep in mind when writing a WBS:

Keep the deliverable in mind

Start general and work to more specific

Use the verb and object format

Have statements that are short and precise

Apply a consistent and simple numbering system.

Its size and complexity is determined by the project

It identifies all the work that must be performed to meet objectives and only necessary tasks.

Question 22

Crashing

Answer 22

Crashing a planning project involves adding more resources to a planning project without directly changing the WBS dependencies. Prior to implementing this technique, the project manager should ask the following questions: a) what is the cost of crashing? B) Are there enough resources? C) What will the impact be on team members?

Question 23

Hoshin Planning

Answer 23

Hoshin Planning is a type of strategic plan that is used to align people and activities to implement strategic policy.

Question 24

Revenue Bonds

Answer 24

funds that are accumulated in advance for capital purchase or construction.

Question 25

Pay-As-You-Go or Current Revenue

Answer 25

financing of improvements from current revenues.

Question 26

Budget

Answer 26

Budgeting can be defined as “a means of allocating resources and creating priorities while defining competing interests and making choices between them, as part of setting government policy on a variety of public issues.”