Areas of Practice 6: Housing Flashcards

1
Q

Economic Development

A

Supports the economy of a community, region, state or nation. This includes:

Job Creation
Private Business Expansion
Tax Base Expansion
Wealth Creation
Quality of Life
Standard of Living
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2
Q

Multiplier Effect

A

Economic development works by using government inducements and assistance to increase private investment. This private investment is expected to create new jobs, reduce unemployment and increase incomes, thus increasing demand for goods and services. This then cycles back through driving further private investment. The concept is the multiplier effect that certain types of jobs then drive demand for other jobs.

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3
Q

Business-friendly environment

A

Businesses looking to locate in a community want to have available development sites and/or buildings, access to labor, access to financial capital, access to transportation and utilities, a high quality of life, and a supportive regulatory environment as examples.

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4
Q

Enterprise Zone

A

An area in which policies to encourage economic growth and development are in place. This could include tax incentives, infrastructure incentives and/or reduced regulations to attract investment. Enterprise zones are specified geographic areas.

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5
Q

Urban Design

A

Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity.

Urban design is derived from but transcends planning and transportation policy, architectural design, development economics, engineering and landscape. It draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life.

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6
Q

Context-Sensitive Design (CSD)

A

Refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. The CSD allows design decisions to better balance economic, social and environmental objectives within the community. It promotes several key principles:

  1. Balance safety, community, and environmental goals in all projects;
  2. Involve the public and affected agencies early and continuously;
  3. Use an interdisciplinary team tailored to project needs;
  4. Apply flexibility inherent in design standards;
  5. Incorporate aesthetics as an integral part of good design.
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7
Q

Form-based code

A

A means of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-based codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily through local government zoning regulations with a lesser focus on land use. Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, and the scale and types of streets and blocks.

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8
Q

Landscape Urbanism

A

A theory that argues that the best way to plan and organize a city is through the design of the city’s landscape. The theory argues that historically there has been too much focus on buildings and not enough focus on the surrounding landscape.

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9
Q

New Urbanism

A

At the neighborhood level, New Urbanism promotes mixed income, walkable neighborhoods with a variety of architectural styles. The neighborhood should be well-defined with an edge and a center. It should include public green spaces. People should be able to access shopping, work, and school within a five-minute walk, or at least be able to access transit within a five-minute walk.

The Congress for New Urbanism, which was founded by Peter Calthorpe, provides information about these principles.

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10
Q

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

A

A mixed-use development designed to maximize access to public transportation. This type of development typically has a light rail, bus, or other types of transit station located at the center.

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11
Q

Tactical Urbanism

A

Refers to low-cost temporary changes to the urban environment that are intended to demonstrate the potential impacts that change can have. For example, adding a temporary bicycle lane, street furniture, or turning empty storefronts into pop-up shops. Park-ing Day which turns parking spaces into temporary park spaces is one example of tactical urbanism.

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12
Q

Transect

A

A term that refers to development on a rural to urban continuum. This concept is used in New Urbanist planning practices.

The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The professional boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the
design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. This urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum.

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13
Q

Principles of New Urbanism

A
  1. Walkability
  2. Connectivity
  3. Mixed Use and Diversity
  4. Mixed Housing
  5. Quality Architecture and Urban Design
  6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
  7. Increased Density
  8. Green Transportation
  9. Sustainability
  10. Quality of Life
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14
Q

First model tenement

A

1855, NYC.

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15
Q

First dumbbell tenement

A

1879, NYC

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16
Q

Tenement House Act of 1867.

A

NYC
Required new tenement buildings to provide a narrow air shaft between adjacent structures, windows that open into the shaft, two toilets on each floor, and a one square yard window in each room.

First major housing code in the United States.

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17
Q

How the Other Half Lives

A

1890, Jacob Riis

Highlighted the plight of the poor in NYC.

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18
Q

Tenement House Law

A

1901, New York State
Outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the City. The City required inspection and permits for construction and alterations. It also required wide light and air areas between buildings and toilets and running water in each apartment unit.

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19
Q

Neighborhood Unit Concept

A

1920, Clarence Perry
Part of the New York Regional Plan. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five minute walking radius. At the center is a school. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.

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20
Q

Public Works Administration (PWA)

A
  1. The PWA provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This represented the first federally supported public housing program.
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21
Q

National Housing Act

A

1934, established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.

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22
Q

Resettlement Administration

A

1935, used New Deal funds to develop new towns. Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, are all in existence today. In addition, 99 other communities were planned.

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23
Q

US Housing Act

A

1937, sometimes called the Wagner-Steagall Act.
Provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This Act tied slum clearance to public housing.

24
Q

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

A

1944, AKA GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. Spurred rapid suburban development

25
Q

Housing Act of 1949

A

First comprehensive housing legislation passed. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.

26
Q

Housing Act of 1954

A

Called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning.

27
Q

Housing Act of 1959

A

Made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.

28
Q

Housing Act of 1961

A

Provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.

29
Q

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965

A

Formed the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.

30
Q

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

A

1966, launched the model cities program. The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of “new communities.”

31
Q

Civil Rights Act

A

1968, made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.

32
Q

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

A

provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low income families.

33
Q

Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission

A

1970, adopted a housing plan that called for low and moderate income housing to be allocated on a fair share basis.

34
Q

Pruitt-Igoe Project

A

1972, the demolition of this public housing project marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.

35
Q

Housing and Community Development Act

A

1974, created the Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG). This grant program provides great flexibility for communities to use these federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. The CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one.

Additionally, the Act created the Section 8 program that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.

36
Q

National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act

A

1974, regulated manufactured housing units and prohibited municipalities from regulating manufactured homes through the building code. The homes could be regulated in terms of location, size, and appearance. This act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later.

37
Q

Urban Development Action Grant Program

A

(UDAG) was authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and Community Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for redevelopment of urban areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, it cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.

38
Q

National Affordable Housing Act

A

1990, created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.

39
Q

HOPE VI

A

1992, grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing. The result has been a deconcentration of public housing.

40
Q

Consolidated Plan

A

Beginning in 1995, the HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from a number of HUD programs. The Consolidated Plan is a collaborative process whereby a community establishes a unified vision for community development actions. It is a means to analyze the entire community and explore the linkages to the larger region. It builds on local assets and coordinates a response to the needs of the community. It integrates economic, physical, and human development in a comprehensive and coordinated fashion so that individuals, families, neighborhoods, and communities can work together and thrive.

The consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for the following:

Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)

41
Q

Sweat Equity

A

The interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put towards the restoration of a property. Habitat for Humanity is an example of a sweat equity program, helping families become homeowners by contributing hours of labor towards the construction of a home.

42
Q

Urban Homesteading

A

Has been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties, such as Detroit. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.

43
Q

Workforce Housing

A

Refers to affordable housing. It ensures that teachers, nurses, police officers, and others can afford housing in the community. The term has much less social stigma than affordable housing.

44
Q

Population age forecast

A

By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent 20 percent of the US population.

45
Q

Community Development Banks

A

Operate with a focus on economic development in low to moderate income areas. These banks are certified by the US Department of Treasury. In addition, banks can seek the alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund for banks that locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

46
Q

Colonias

A

Unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure that are sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas and their residents are predominantly Hispanic. Colonias have grown as a result of a limited supply of adequate, affordable housing near the Mexico border. For example, in Texas there are more than 400,000 people living in more than 2,200 colonias.

47
Q

Pedestrian Pocket

A

In 1989, New Urbanist Peter Calthorpe proposed the concept of the Pedestrian Pocket a mixed use development of up to 110 acres with a park at the center.

48
Q

On average, approximately what percentage of renter households in the United States have an income below the poverty level?

A

More than 25 percent of renter households in the United States have an income below the poverty level.

49
Q

T-1

A

Natural Zone consists of lands approximating or reverting to a wilderness condition, including lands unsuitable for settlement due to topography, hydrology or vegetation.

50
Q

T-2

A

Rural Zone consists of lands in open or cultivated state or sparsely settled. These include woodland, agricultural land, grassland.

51
Q

T-3

A

Sub-Urban Zone consists of low density suburban residential areas, differing by allowing home occupations. Planting is naturalistic and setbacks relatively deep. Blocks may be large and the roads irregular to accommodate natural conditions.

52
Q

T-4

A

General Urban Zone consists of a mixed-use but primarily residential urban fabric. It has a wide range of building types: single, sideyard, and rowhouses. Setbacks and landscaping are variable. Streets define medium-sized blocks.

53
Q

T-5

A

Urban Center Zone consists of higher density mixed-use building types that accommodate retail, offices, rowhouses and apartments. It has a tight network of streets, with wide sidewalks, steady street tree planting and buildings set close to the frontages.

54
Q

T-6

A

Urban Core Zone consists of the highest density, with the greatest variety of uses, and civic buildings of regional importance. It may have larger blocks; streets have steady street tree planting and buildings set close to the frontages.

55
Q

Special Districts

A

Special Districts consist of areas with buildings that by their function, disposition, or configuration cannot conform to one of the six normative Transect Zones.