Plan Implementation (12%) Flashcards

Question

What is administrative operability as commonly used policy evaluation criteria?

Answer 1

Measures how possible it is to actually implement the policy or program. Eg: Is staffing available? Will employees cooperate? Can it be done on time?

Answer 2

Fiscal impact analysis IS NOT economic impact analysis. Fiscal impact analysis calculates the total cost to the city of new development, as well as the tax revenue that is generated from the development. Fiscal impact analysis generally refers to efforts to estimate the budgetary effects of various types of land uses on local governmental jurisdictions or other local service providers. Used to estimate the impact of a development, land use change, or plan on the cost and revenues of governmental units. Fiscal Impact Analysis involves estimating the net impact of a particular project on government and seeks to connect planning and local economics by estimating the public costs and revenues that result from property investments. Eg. looking at a city's tax rate and the average cost of educating a child in the local school system (education cost), or the average cost of constructing a public building (facility cost) The method you would use to study the fiscal impacts of the proposed annexation.

Answer 3

Focuses on the cash flow to the private sector measured in income, jobs, output, or indirect impacts.

Answer 4

Building codes are based on health and safety standards. Building codes control design, construction, and materials used in construction.

Answer 5

Subdivision regulations control the manner in which blocks of land over a certain size can be converted into building lots.

Answer 6

-site features (topography, flood hazard areas) -lot dimensions & layout -street rights-of-way -type and dimensions of streets -type, size, and placement of utilities surveyor precisely prepares final plat map

Answer 7

-what can be constructed in each zone -what uses are allowable

Answer 8

FAR is the amount of floor area on a parcel to the amount of land on parcel. Calculations of this ratio are used to determine floor space in relation to the lot size. For example: If FAR=3, it can be a 3-story building completely covering a parcel of land (3:1) ratio FAR=3 could also be a 6-story building covering half of a parcel of land. 6*.05=3/1=3

Answer 9

GLA is a measure of floor space used to estimate the number of parking spaces required (depending on use).

Answer 10

You obtain FAR by dividing the gross (total) floor area of a building by the total area of the lot FAR is usually expressed as a decimal fraction (eg. 0.5)

Answer 11

A final plat is prepared by a surveyor.

Answer 12

Gross floor area to total lot size(area)

Answer 13

A variance is granted because of specific characteristics of a particular property Might allow deviation from dimensional requirements (like setbacks and heights) A variance might alter the allowable use of a parcel.

Answer 14

Board of Zoning Appeals (BZA) (or Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA) - as in Pgh)

Answer 15

allows land uses in zones where the use isn't currently allowed eg. special use permit for a residence to be constructed in an industrial zone (like Chateau)

Answer 16

This type of zoning allows a mixture of uses and promotes flexibility and design in density. Commonly used, overlay zoning allows a community's functional concerns to cut across existing zoning designations. You apply the overlay zone over one or more previously established zoning districts to establish additional standards for properties in addition to the requirements in the existing district. Used for a historic or downtown district or flood control district, for example.

Answer 17

Floating zone districts are described in a zoning ordinance but haven't been included on the zoning map. Delineates conditions that have to be met before zoning can be approved. Floating zoning implements concepts like the Planned Unit Development (PUD), or cluster development

Answer 18

a PUD is a floating zone intended to create a mix of uses, density and infrastructure standards, to allow flexibility in the development standards for specific uses on the subject site. Once approved, and the PUD is attached to a specific piece of land, the zone becomes added to the official zoning map and is no longer "floating" as a concept. a land use tool you would use if you wanted to reduce lot sizes in exchange for open space concessions. kind of like where GM lives - a community of single-family homes, and sometimes condos or townhomes, where every homeowner belongs to a homeowners association (HOA) but has church, grocery store, etc.. usually ADVANTAGES: Allows greater flexibility in site design Allows zoning through negotiation Allows differing densities throughout the development A term used to describe a housing development not subject to standard zoning requirements for the area.

Answer 19

Both are limited exceptions to the zoning ordinance; however: A variance is granted because of the specific physical conditions of a particular property (eg. setbacks or building height), while the special use permit is granted to allow land uses in zones where the use isn't allowed.

Answer 20

A floating zone doesn't appear on the zoning map, but is a type of zone that can be applied in a proposed location. An overlay zone applies rules to a specific area.

Answer 21

Focuses on the form of the built environment. Use is incorporated but isn't the main driver. Design-based regulations NOT guidelines. Form-based codes are meant to be visual, easy to understand and clearly show the community's vision. Focuses on building form as it relates to streetscape and adjacent uses. Encourages mixed use. Relies on design.

Answer 22

Asking a community to envision its future.

Answer 23

1. Building Form Standards 2. Public Space Standards both of which are mapped into a regulating plan

Answer 24

Building Form Standards regulate: -setbacks (how far buildings are from sidewalks) -how much window area a building must have -how tall a building is in relation to width of the street -how accessible and welcoming front entrances are -where a building's parking goes

Answer 25

Regulate: -individuals streets -how individual streets connect and function eg. walkable interconnected street system vs. contemporary car-oriented street system (cal-de-sacs)

Answer 26

The regulating plan is the controlling document and tool for implementing form-based code. It maps the locations where the building form standards and public space standards are being implemented.

Answer 27

It is a subcategory/type of a form-based code that applies the idea of a rural to urban transect/line where you might have developments that are more vs. less rural or urban. The “transect” is a land-use term that describes a location based on its relative density, natural and/or built form characteristics

Answer 28

A long history of human settlements. Patrick Geddes came up with a similar "valley section" idea

Answer 29

The SmartCode

Answer 30

A continuum of transect zones from rural to urban. SmartCode is a transect-code that is also a form-based code. Miami 21 was one of the first to adopt this transect-based form-based zoning code. There are 6 transect zones plus one special district. There are many adaptations of the basic SmartCode template, and locally calibrated codes can have more zones than 6.

Answer 31

considers zoning based on an area's existing or desired future character. it is context-based and takes into consideration existing block patterns, lot shapes, building forms, transportation, and parking.

Answer 32

Form-based code is regulatory/required, it is not a guideline.

Answer 33

The regulation of land use is included in a form-based code but it is a secondary concern to the regulation of form.

Answer 34

An alternative to zoning whereby performance standards regulate development by setting desired goals (eg. no negative impact on the watershed) provides flexibility but it is not that common because it's difficult to administer since someone has to determine what the performance measures are and whether or not developments are achieving them.

Answer 35

1. Rezone to minimize nonconformities 2. Sanction benign nonconformities 3. Phase out detrimental nonconformities

Answer 36

Popular, designed to implement urban design guidelines. They don't have to operate only in historic districts - they can deal with purely aesthetic issues like color. Design review boards can exercise discretionary review. They MUST have standards as a basis for decisions. Ideally, defined standards or an adopted comprehensive plan.

Answer 37

It is more difficult to administer and costly because it requires you to establish performance measures and then monitor/evaluate developments to make sure they are achieving performance outcomes.

Answer 38

1. Rezone to minimize them 2. Sanction benign ones 3. Phase out detrimental ones

Answer 39

1. Regressive Taxes 2. Progressive Taxes 3. User Fees 4. Intergovernmental Transfers 5. Property Taxes 6. Local-Option Taxes 7. Regulatory Fees 8. Development Exactions/Special Assessments/Impact Fees

Answer 40

A type of revenue - Regressive taxes take a larger percentage of income from low-income earners than high-income earners. Under a regressive tax system (e.g., sales tax), individuals and entities with low incomes pay a higher amount of that income in taxes compared to high-income earners. APA does NOT prefer this.

Answer 41

Taxes that take a larger percentage of income from high-income earners than low-income earners. A type of revenue - Progressive tax increases the tax rate as the tax base increases (i.e., the tax rate, along with tax liability, increases as an individual or entity's wealth increases). APA advocates for this over regressive taxes.

Answer 42

A type of revenue that local governments can generate from a range of provider services, utilities, parking fees, fees for using municipal services...etc.

Answer 43

A type of revenue where state taxes can be shared with local governments.

Answer 44

A primary mechanism/type of revenue from which local governments have generated a majority of their revenue.

Answer 45

A type of revenue where in addition to property taxes, local governments can levy a local-option SALES TAX or individual and corporate income taxes.

Answer 46

A type of revenue local governments can generate through their regulatory powers (eg. fees to cover a cost for administering a business license, inspection, or code enforcement...etc)

Answer 47

A type of revenue local governments can generate. Impact fee - fee charged by local governments to developers as reimbursement of the cost to provide additional services for new development (eg. putting in a wider road or new sewer)

Answer 48

In addition to property tax, local government can levy local sales tax or individual income taxes.

Answer 49

Could affect a lot of retail locating near the boundaries of your jurisdiction because it allows them to generate tax revenue and minimize expenditure on infrastructure and services for non-resident shoppers.

Answer 50

This might encourage employment-intensive uses such as office park development.

Answer 51

This might create a problem if you have a lot of vacant land. Prioritize policies that maximize property value and incentivize development of vacant land.

Answer 52

Address a lot of different issues relating to how the surrounding community is benefited. Demand things like: -local hiring -job training programs -having affordable housing nearby -providing community facilities Effective at addressing site-specific development impacts, but don't easily get through politically bc of resistance from developers.

Answer 53

A sales tax might have the effect of retail locating near the jurisdiction boundaries to avoid sales tax.

Answer 54

CBAs can be difficult to enact politically; sometimes there is no consensus on who represents the community side of the agreement.

Answer 55

A company that owns real estates and those trusts are bought and sold on wall street (private financing)

Answer 56

Bonds are a public financing option: 1.General obligation bonds 2. Revenue bonds

Answer 57

General Obligation Bonds are backed by the credit of the issuer and their power to tax (like a city), while a Revenue Bond is backed by a specific stream of revenue (like from building a stadium). They have different sources of cash flow responsible for repaying they investors who provide the capital to issue the bonds.

Answer 58

A public financing option. Backed by the credit of the issuer, including the power of a city to tax its citizens. general obligation bonds are backed by the general tax revenues and are generally considered safe investments.

Answer 59

A public financing option. Backed by a specific stream of income/revenue (eg. building a stadium) A revenue bond is backed by income from specific projects, such as a toll bridge or a stadium. Municipal bonds can be classified as either revenue bonds or general obligation bonds. Revenue bonds are municipal bonds that can be used to finance income-producing projects. The bonds are secured by a specified revenue source. The bonds can be issued by any government agency that has a revenue source.

Answer 60

Bond ratings are linked to a community's debt. Municipal bond ratings are assessments of the investment risk. Moody's is a service that provides an investment grade for bonds issued.

Answer 61

Tax Increment Financing: A real estate development technique where the anticipated increase in real estate tax revenue resulting from increased property values is used to pay off bonds that are sold to finance the development. Public purpose is redevelopment of a blighted area or to prevent blight. With a TIF, a city captures the additional property taxes that result from the development improvements. Tax Increment Financing is often used to support the funding of capital improvements in a specific area of a community. This is achieved through capturing the increase in tax value. 1. used to encourage economic growth in a blighted or soon to be blighted area 2. for developers who can't pay for their project on their own. 3. must benefit the entire community (eg. grocery)

Answer 62

A Special District method of financing. A business group bands together and funnels money by taxing themselves into the improvement of their business district.

Answer 63

In a TIF, an increase in tax revenue resulting from redevelopment is used to pay off bonds that are sold refinancing the development, while a BID involves businesses coming together to tax themselves to pay for district improvements.

Answer 64

1. Line-item budgeting 2. Program budgeting 3. Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System (PPBS) 4. Zero-Based budget (ZBB) 5. Performance budgeting 6. Annuality 7. Participatory Budgeting

Answer 65

The earliest, most traditional way of separating expenditures into different categories. Costs categorized by department or administrative unit. The advantage is that budgets are easily managed. This type of budgeting is good for smaller agencies.

Answer 66

Budgets are organized around specific programs. Easier for staff working on the programs to manage.

Answer 67

a type of budgeting that originated in the defense industry. PPBS combines program budgeting with short- and long-term planning targets. This type of budgeting includes performance measures, a tracking system, and there's an identification of a critical path needed to reach organizational objectives. PPBS is about linking planning and budgeting and making the budget reflect objectives, strategies, and plans.

Answer 68

A method of budgeting where expenses have to be justified for each new period. As you start with a budgeting cycle, you start with a zero-base and then every function within an organization is analyzed accordingly. this type of performance budget model involves decision units

Answer 69

This type of budgeting takes Program Budgeting one step further and ties the budget to specific performance objectives for each program. ties budgets to performance objectives.

Answer 70

This is type of budgeting is common practice. You specify that a budget has to be prepared every year covering only one year (annual). If some funds aren't spend by the end of the year. You return the unspent money to the general fund.

Answer 71

A type of budgeting whereby people in the community get together to decide what the part of a public budget should be spent on.

Answer 72

A plan to fund infrastructure and building improvements over a fixed period of time. It uses: -forecasts -population projections -a proposed schedule of construction projects (often 5 years) for making improvements in order of priority -cost estimates -anticipated means of financing the projects

Answer 73

a calculation used to analyze income producing real estate investments. =Gross income - operating expenses May include vacancy rate. NOI is used to calculate the capitalization rate (cap rate).

Answer 74

Capitalization rate is the rate of return on a real estate investment property based on the income that the property is expected to generate. eg. If a $1M property generates NOI of $100k, the cap rate is 10%. NOI/total property value (current market value)= cap rate

Answer 75

A CIP is a key way that a comprehensive plan is implemented. The CIP is supposed to be reviewed for its compliance with a comprehensive plan.

Answer 76

Regularly tracking how a community is doing. Health measures, traffic impact, economic indicators...etc.

Answer 77

REVIEW APPENDIX B PAS REPORT TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND PROJECT EVALUATION.

Answer 78

1. Cost-Benefit Analysis 2. Fiscal Impact Analysis 3. Economic Impact Analysis

Answer 79

Involves the actual and hidden costs of a proposed project measured against the benefits of that same project.

Answer 80

Primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis is to assist city or county officials determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs The purpose of Fiscal Impact Analysis is to estimate the impact of a development, land use change, or plan on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development. Fiscal Impact Analysis might involve the projection of direct costs and revenues resulting from population or employment change in the local jurisdiction. Fiscal impact analysis calculates the total cost to the city of new development, as well as the tax revenue that is generated from the development.

Answer 81

It helps local governments evaluate the relative fiscal merits of plans or projects/developments.

Answer 82

Economic Impact Analysis focuses on cash flow to the private sector measured in income, jobs, output, indirect impacts...etc. FIA focuses on cash flow to the public sector.

Answer 83

-City's property tax rate -Average cost of educating a child -Average cost per sq. ft. of constructing a public building DOESN'T LOOK AT HISTORIC TRENDS IN ASSESSED VALUE. It's not about trends.

Answer 84

CPM helps with decision-making and is about the optimal scheduling of tasks. CPM is used for complex projects with inter-related activities. CPM deals with PREDICTABLE activities (projects that are recurring) and concentrates on time rather than time-cost tradeoffs. CPM produces a reasonable time estimate. Cost is the controlling factor and is more important than time.

Answer 85

PERT is about the optimal scheduling of tasks. (sequencing events so that it is clear which activities need to occur in which sequence to ensure the success of the project and completion before the deadline). PERT helps with unpredictable activities (non-recurring) where time needed to complete activities is not known. It concentrates on the trade-off between time and cost. It produces a "high precision" time estimate. Time is the controlling factor. Attention is given to minimizing time to minimize cost. Program Evaluation and Review Technique chart would allow for the rapid sequencing of tasks ensuring that the project deadline can be met. The Program Evaluation and Review technique is a decision-making tool designed to achieve objectives in which time is a critical factor. This technique is most helpful when time expectations are significant.

Answer 86

A way of setting goals and marking them against objectives. Facilitates the process of project prioritization. The Goals-Achievement Matrix can be used in plan evaluation to aid in seeing where implementation has been achieved and where revisions may be necessary.

Answer 87

a project management tool that helps you think through each task of a project, who is responsible, how long each task takes, and what problems your team might encounter. Mapping this out helps you to ensure that the schedule is workable.

Answer 88

Use electronic processes.

Answer 89

1. Flesh out the details of the schedule. 2. Establish preferred methods of communication. 3. Give the consultant additional political, planning, and practical background on the project not in the RFP. (kickoff meeting Q&A)

Answer 90

Worst procurement strategy in APA's eyes -20-45 days (shorter time) -low cost -higher legal/political concerns -qualifications weaker generally and for specific projects

Answer 91

-shorter timeframe to select after the shelf has been created -excellent qualifications -low cost -low/medium legal/political concerns -weak project specific qualifications

Answer 92

-75-90 day longer timeframe -Excellent qualifications -Fair project-specific qualifications -Medium cost -Low legal/political concerns

Answer 93

-75-90 day longer timeframe -Excellent qualifications -Good project-specific qualifications -Low legal/political concerns -High cost

Answer 94

Apparently the best in APA's eyes, but it takes the longest amount of time. -Excellent general and project-specific qualifications -medium to high cost -low legal/political concerns

Answer 95

They are both project management techniques with differences. They are often used together.

Answer 96

Neighborhood meetings. Engagement includes opportunities for interaction, not just informing.

Answer 97

Open Space allows for people to propose topics to discuss and those who are interested choose to participate in that dialogue. The groups prepare summaries of their discussion to share with the entire group. NOT focus groups.

Answer 98

Capital Improvement Planning

Answer 99

20. Townships are subdivided into sections. Each township is 6 miles by 6 miles, so a township contains 36 square miles, each one forming a section. Calculations start at the end and work to the beginning of a sentence. Each section is one square mile which is 640 acres. A quarter of 640 is 160. A quarter of 160 is 40 and 1/2 of 40 is 20 acres.

Answer 100

I. Agricultural Zoning II. Transfer of Development Rights III. Purchase of Development Rights (<- the best method of protecting and preserving) IV. Right to Farm Ordinance a purchase program guarantees that land will be preserved in perpetuity.

Answer 101

a list of milestones In an RFP, the identification of milestones in the project is the most important because this makes it clear the expectations of the consultant.

Answer 102

A Census Designated place (CDP) is recognized similar to a city, but it is not incorporated (eg a major master planned community in unincorporated areas)

Answer 103

Regression analysis. A regression compares the relationship between two or more variables. Regression Analysis is a statistic that provides an estimate of one variable based upon other variables. For example, the volume of traffic is based on land uses and type of roadway.

Answer 104

I. Industry employment for the region II. Industry employment for the nation A shift-share analysis, determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national, economic industry, and regional factors. Shift-share analysis helps identify industries where a regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy.

Answer 105

a Symptomatic approach would give the best estimate.

Answer 106

Coalition A coalition represents the interests of a variety of groups who chose to come together for a shared purpose.

Answer 107

Cost Revenue Analysis Cost revenue analysis determines the full cost of delivering a service or group of services. For example, cost revenue analysis could be used to determine the economic feasibility of annexing various types of land uses into a city. Operating costs are apportioned to land uses in the proposed annexation area and compared to the tax yields anticipated from the development.

Answer 108

Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force.

Answer 109

Property Tax - based on the assessed value of real property, and includes land and improvements.

Answer 110

640 acres in one square mile

Answer 111

A valid, temporary moratorium was in place before the application was submitted.

Answer 112

Consensus Conferences are used to inform a panel of citizens about a complex technological or scientific issue, incorporating public opinion and values. Then, the panel formulates a consensus position on the implications of the planning issue.

Answer 113

Capital Budget

Answer 114

a form of relief from requirements of an ordinance based on "unnecessary hardships"

Answer 115

Dwelling units per acre

Answer 116

Uses and structures that existed prior to the zoning ordinance and are not in conformity with its provisions.

Answer 117

a device to provide flexibility within the zoning ordinance Eg. where the zoning authorities allow a business to operate in an area that is not normally marked for business activities (such as in a residential area). Eg. where a church is allowed to operate in an area otherwise marked for businesses.

Answer 118

Permitted Use

Answer 119

an exaction is something the local zoning authority requires a property owner to give to the community, in order to obtain approval to develop land. The “something” can be almost anything: land; a portion of the value of the land; money (a mitigation fee); or other property. Eg. a subdivider's financial responsibility for public improvements associated with a development

Answer 120

An enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage, golf course, or zoo. "Enterprise Funds account for any activity for which a fee is charged to external users for goods or services."

Answer 121

ZBB - Zero Base Budgeting uses decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes. Zero based budgeting assumes that every unit has $0 and then the governing body decides on a series of decision packages that will advance key goals and objectives of the organization. Steps include: -Isolating decision packages -Analyzing decision packages -Ranking decision packages in order of priority

Answer 122

Linear programming is about allocation of resources. On 1 timeline. Linear programming can be used to find the optimum design solution on a project.

Answer 123

A push analysis determines the sales capacity of a market area and if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.

Answer 124

Quasi-judicial refers to a proceeding conducted by an administrative or executive official or organization that is similar to a court proceeding. Examples of quasi-judicial decisions include decisions on: variances, special exceptions, consideration of a conditional use permit, consideration of a variance request, Amendment of the Master Plan, subdivision plats, zoning code violations, site-specific rezoning to PUD, site plan review and the decisions of a board of adjustment, and many decisions of a planning commission. associated with Zoning Board of Adjustments NOT a revision to the zoning ordinance or review of rezoning requests or reviewing final plats (that is legislative)

Answer 125

legislative decisions ESTABLISH POLICIES for future application, while quasi-judicial, or administrative decisions are the application of those policies.

Answer 126

adoption of plans adoption or revision of zoning ordinances (eg. amendments to ordinances) passing budgets completed by the governing body: City Council or County NOT by the Planning Commission

Answer 127

The US Department of Commerce uses an index of 12 LEADING INDICATORS to measure the direction of the economy: interest rates, stock prices, oil prices, unemployment, housing starts, consumer expectations, and more

Answer 128

When building permits are issued.

Answer 129

notify property owners within the set distance of the zoning amendment

Answer 130

Natural Zone

Answer 131

Rural Zone

Answer 132

Suburban Zone

Answer 133

Urban Core Zone

Answer 134

Reviewing variance requests, which are deviations from the dimensional requirements of a zoning ordinance pertaining to height, width, location of structures, or setbacks. The Board of Zoning Adjustments is responsible for quasi-judicial actions, such as variances. Rezoning and plats are NOT reviewed by the BZA, they are reviewed by the Planning Commission.

Answer 135

a legal contract between a developer and community-based organizations representing residents' interests. -CBA must be related to one specific development project. -CBAs can be private contracts or contracts enforced by local governments. -CBAs can promise local hiring quotas -CBAs may not be enforceable if the coalitions who signed them dissolve after signing. one of the first CBAs, an agreement between Staples Center developers and Los Angeles residents.

Answer 136

Cumulative Zoning is a method of zoning in which any use permitted in a higher-use, less intensive zone is permissible in a lower use, more intensive zone. Eg. under this method, a house could be built in an industrial zone but a factory could not be built in a residential zone. Eg. the community expresses interest in allowing residential uses in an industrial zone, which the current code does not allow.

Answer 137

divides towns into districts based on permitted uses, and in so doing creates specific zones where certain land uses are permitted or prohibited Euclidean zoning is the separation of land uses by type—residential, commercial, retail, industrial, etc.—each into their own zones

Answer 138

Including more restrictive uses in less restrictive uses. Eg. Residential use (more restrictive) would be allowed in an area zoned commercial (less restrictive) Eg. commercial (more restrictive) would be allowed in an area zoned industrial (less restrictive).

Answer 139

The American Planning Association created this document to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts. The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook and its accompanying User Manual are the culmination of APA's seven-year Growing Smart project, an effort to draft the next generation of model planning and zoning legislation for the U.S.

Answer 140

-The Initial Survey -The Draft Plat Exhibit and Preliminary Construction Plans -Staff review of preliminary plat -City and County Submissions and Revisions -Planning Commission approves preliminary plat -Final Plat and Engineering Plans -Recordation of the plat A rezoning is not associated with the subdivision of land.

Answer 141

TIFs are best used in blighted areas that have the potential for an increased tax base. A TIF is used to finance public improvements through the increase in tax value on the surrounding property. A General Obligation bond and special assessment could be used, but a TIF would be the most effective and politically feasible option.

Answer 142

I. Minimum lot sizes II. Maximum building heights III. Procedures for changes in zoning A zoning ordinance would include information on lot sizes, building heights and procedures. It would not include information on placement of infrastructure, which is more likely to appear in subdivision regulations.

Answer 143

-To attract business and industry. -To protect and maintain property values. -To promote public health and safety. Zoning works to implement the comprehensive plan by guiding growth and development, and providing standards for development.

Answer 144

Only land acquisitions and concurrency. According to Planning and Urban Design Standards, a capital improvements program (CIP) is typically a 5-7 year plan for planning and funding public facilities and infrastructure. It includes both the construction of new facilities and the rehabilitation or replacement of existing capital facilities. A key element is the link between growth in a community and timing of capital investments – also known as concurrency.

Answer 145

Cost Revenue Analysis takes into account a set of economic assumptions for both anticipated sources of revenues and expected expenditures (in capital and recurring sources). Cost revenue analysis determines the full cost of delivering a service or group of services. For example, cost revenue analysis could be used to determine the economic feasibility of annexing various types of land uses into a city. Operating costs are then apportioned to land uses in the proposed annexation area and compared to the tax yields anticipated from the development.

Answer 146

Coupon Rate is the rate of interest for bonds, notes, and other securities.

Answer 147

An increasing number of developers have been seeking rezonings allowing for increased development. Given the development pressures, you want to understand how the public will “recapture” a reasonable share of the increased land value in the form of community benefits. This would be the approach you use. Negotiation-based Land Value Recapture results in negotiating development agreements that ties increased densities to community amenity contributions.

Answer 148

I. To fund capital improvements to jump-start development in a specific area. II. To retain existing businesses by investing in infrastructure upgrades or additional services in a district. Tax Increment Financing is often used to support the funding of capital improvements in a specific area of a community. This is achieved through capturing the increase in tax value. used to encourage economic growth

Answer 149

a zoning text amendment.

Answer 150

Plan evaluation

Answer 151

Zero Base Budgeting (ZBB) is method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each budget period. Zero-base budgeting starts from a "$0 base" and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming budget year, regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one. -Breaks the budget into decision packages -Starts the budget each year from scratch -Ties decision packages to long range goals This method allows for strategic goal implementation and integration into the budgeting process by tying goals to expenditures.

Answer 152

Multi-attribute Utility Analysis will allow for weight to be assigned the various values and for different alternatives to be evaluated. Multi-attribute Utility Analysis allows for weighting of a series of values dimensions. For example, participants are given a number of points that can be allocated between the value dimensions or participants can be asked which of two values is more important.

Answer 153

A type of revenue - A proportional tax (aka a flat tax) assesses the same tax rate regardless of income or wealth.

Answer 154

A tax increment is the additional property tax generated by a development; the increment is "captured" to finance development costs.

Answer 155

The proportional valuation method is a fiscal analysis that examines increases in community revenues and expenditures related to development and estimates the average costs of the development. Specific costs and revenues are allocated to residential, commercial and industrial land uses in proportion to the share each represents of the total property base as reflected in property value. After costs and revenues are allocated, a current cost per acre by land use type is estimated and this is then applied to the development. Eg. You are charged with redeveloping a 25-acre former public housing site into a office park. You need to conduct a fiscal analysis that estimates the average costs of the proposed office development.

Answer 156

The Employment Anticipation Method is a recently developed marginal costing technique for projecting the impact of nonresidential growth on local municipal costs and revenues. The Employment Anticipation Method is applicable in situations where the analyst wants to know the impact of exclusively nonresidential facilities on municipal costs.

Answer 157

-Setting a target number of new housing units to be built within the center of the city -The adoption of an amendment to the zoning ordinance allowing transit oriented development -Setting the number of new neighborhood organizations to be created to assist the city in policy evaluation NOT "Setting a goal of improving open space" - this is not a performance standard. Probably because there isn't a specific measure for this indicated.

Answer 158

-Establish interagency and organizational cooperation. -Adjust the plan as necessary based on the evaluation. -Connect plan implementation to the capital planning process.

Answer 159

1 year - The budget applies to the first year of the capital plan.

Answer 160

A zero lot line property is any property in which the structure of the home touches or comes very close to the boundary of the lot.

Answer 161

Cluster development (or "open space development") preserves open space and directs development away from natural, scenic, historic, and agricultural areas by limiting construction to small areas. Cluster zoning is a type of zoning in which density is determined for an entire area, rather than on a lot-by-lot basis.

Answer 162

-provision for adequate parking and loading facilities -improve the aesthetics of projects -preservation of on-site natural features NOT to increase the value of the property The general purposes of site plan review are to protect the health, safety, convenience, and welfare of the inhabitants of the community by providing a comprehensive review of land use and development plans on a site by site basis.

Answer 163

The street lights will have a fixed cost for installation that can be assessed to property owners over a period of time. This assessment could for example be based on the linear feet of street frontage over a period of seven years. Property owners would pay this special assessment as part of their property tax bill. Eg. Residents in have raised concerns about neighborhood safety. They have lobbied the city to introduce street lights into the neighborhood. Residents are agreeable to paying for the street lights.

Answer 164

Special Districts are an independent unit of local government often created by referendum and organized to perform government functions in a specific geographic area. They usually have the power to incur debt and levy taxes. Eg. a way to set up a separate unit of government that can raise taxes and take over management of a unique recreational area that draws a lot of tourists.

Answer 165

The impact fee should be based on a rational nexus demonstrating how the fee is proportionately related to the impact of the development. This would best occur by the fee being based on the projected number of trips based on the land use.

Answer 166

Subarea plans are detailed plans prepared for a smaller geographic area within a community. The areas can encompass neighborhoods, corridors, downtowns, or other types of special districts that show cohesive characteristics.